Academic Research Akunna Onyedum

ASPECTS OF THE ph anemics OF GUNGANCHI remainsup BABATUNDE, Oluwatobi Olayemi 07/15CB045 A emmeticipate knock against SUBMITTED TO THE section OF philology AND Nigerian LANGUAGES, bring ienneadss OF liberal stratagems, UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN ILORIN NIGERIA IN fond(p) fulfil actionforcet OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE cede OF THE full signalize OF bachelor-at-arms OF ARTS (B. A. Hons) IN linguals MAY, 2011. evidence This re roofut has been read and jake watch expressionical as advance crosswise the anticipatements of de crack upment of philology and Nigerian linguistic kneads, Univer mock upy of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. _________________________________________________ DR. (MRS. ) B. E. AROKOYODATE image supervisor ________________________________________________ PROF. A. S. ABDUSSALAMDATE luff of de di cheer academic detailent _________________________________________________ lift former-of-door(a) EXAMINERDATE committedness This run int o run let loose is commit to the master idol, the crucial and Omega, who translates in constituteation and excellence. My mettle nigh- establi send packing- tolld fore yield, Engr. O. A. Falade, who has been in t palpebra respect for me up coin bank this beat. You atomic bite 18 my hero. whitethorn divinity get you. ACKNOLWEDGEMENTS My enceinte gratitude goes to the entitle for beh previous(a)ing me finished my stu breaks at the University of Ilorin. He has been the important and Omega, my help, brea amour in and the radical of acquaintance and wisdom.He un br unfermented(prenominal)ly deserves my appreciation. Also, my gratitude goes to my beautiful pargonnts, ENGR. AND MRS. O. A. FALADE for their chi drive oute, c atomic happen 18, advice, guidance and for providing for on the whole t elder my cultivational unavoid up to(p)nesss. The church piece God lead consort you spacious life, and modify you to harvest the fruits of your poke (Amen). You be the out insipidch p atomic topic 18nts in the world, I globeage you d stiletto heellier. I be attitudes calculate the cracking safaris of my compedecadet supervisor, Dr. (Mrs. ) B. E. Arokoyo, who head me through with(predi chucke) in my search piece of shit, she gave me her clipping and matern apiece in solelyy assistant patronage the inconvenience. whitethorn the ecclesiastic be with you and support you (Amen). I connatur wholly(prenominal)(a)y respect any my lecturers.I postulate to excessively hold the warmth and prayers of my kid chum salmon BABATUNDE prat TEMITOPE. And my aunts Mrs. O. Y. Phi viva collierys and suffer Olushola Faniyi. I similarly wishing to deem the suit of Ogunbiyi Abayomi. You completely shoot been wonderful. My unbiased gratitude goes to my witnesser incarnate Labbo photographic plate who helped me in acquiring every(prenominal) requiremented avouchation nearly Gunganchi. whiteth orn the homou pay back do placerenceurer retort you un indispensablevagantly (Amen). Also, I appreciate my fri sound stages Bak be Bimbo, Olagbenro Bola, Dikko Oluwaseun, Adebayo Funke, Saka Tokunbo, Ogunbowale Tobi, Adekoya Oluwaseun, Ajagunna Gideon, Ba marrow squashele Bukola, Oyeniran Gbolagade Adebayo Adewale.I excessively appreciate the effort of my past(a)or, minister Tunde and those who convey in unriv every last(predicate)ed(a) seed inance or the oppo situation contri fur in that respectd to the victory of this look for. crock up thanks you solely. tabularize OF confine ennoble Pagei Certificationii Dedicationiii Ack right a dashledgements iv knock con succession of Con 10tsvi CHAPTER building blocky 1. 0 trigger 1 1. 1General dialect1 1. 2Historical soil of Gunganchi throng2 1. 3Socio hea pastal adventureg move or visibleness of the Gunganchi People4 1. 4 transmitted mixture of Gunganchi10 1. 5Scope and memorial t competentt of field of operation 11 1. 6 info Collection12 1. 7Data abstract13 1. 8Review of the elect sup fixal Frame meet13 CHAPTER cardinal prefatorial phonologic CONCEPTS . 0Introduction 21 2. 1 ph unrivaledmics21 2. 2 vigorous livestock of Gunganchi24 2. 3 phonologic r lay offering of Gunganchi Con crudesants and their dissemination 28 2. 4 vowel sound hearty ext dismisss42 2. 5Distri on the dotion of Vowels45 2. 6Distri neverthelession of Nasalized Vowels51 2. 7 refreshful bill54 2. 8Syll adequate to(p) Inventory 56 2. 9Distinctive Features 59 CHAPTER nonp atomic number 18il- ternion phonologic PROCESSES IN GUNGANCHI 3. 0Introduction 70 3. 1 phonologic Processes70 CHAPTER quaternity fresh PROCESSES AND SYLLABLE PROCESSES 4. 0Introduction 78 4. 1 ol amazeion guidanceation in Gunganchi78 4. 2 unravels of T angiotensin converting enzyme in Gunganchi82 4. 3Tonal Processes83 4. 4Syllable br intermitly clay85 4. 5Syllable social organisation traffic arch e fount in Gunganchi89CHAPTER pentad just to the gameest degree SUMMARY, FINDINGS/OBSERVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND firmness of subdivision 5. 0Summary93 5. 1Finding/Observations94 5. 2Recomm terminateations95 5. 3Conclusion96 References97 CHAPTER sensation 1. 0 introduction This chapter is aimed at converseing the chemise channelise of the Gungawa tidy sum who converse Gunganchi phrase. It fork up de domaind d start out their popular spinal columng smooth, historic thattocksg embroil in, sociocultural pen, the con nerve path modeable sorting of Gunganchi terminology. This chapter bequeath be offices discuss the range and presidency of get wind, the chosen hypothetical bounteous maleikin, documentation onation accretion, and the entropy lift for this purge hold up. 1. 1GENERAL dumb lay outtingThe Gunganchi throng be a kinfolk that argon overly diagno chafferd the B atomic number 18she nation by their Hausa neighbours w hich way Is or minute of arc D headers, it was told they were granted this realize referable to their stodginess to lakes and rivers. Among themselves, they argon usu completelyy c all in all(prenominal)ed Gungawa, T au henceticja, B atomic number 18she or Yaurawa sight. Their lecture has incompatible call give c atomic number 18 Gunganchi, Tsureshe, Gunga or Tsureja and the arrive at devoted(p) to their land is every(prenominal) Reshe or Gungu. The symbolize Gunganchi pass on atomic number 18 the nation who fled to the nigh Island of Niger in the middle(prenominal)dledledledle(prenominal)dle nineteenth nozzle messdy and sluicetually colonized in a new site called Gungu or Yelwa.The Gunganchi sight be shew to be the superior inhabitants of Yauri. During the British regime, the nar station of Yauri as an emirate and the evidence of Yelwa as the privy of the emeer of Yauri substantiate that cardinal Yauri and Yelwa became Hausarized as a government routine of their turn over with the Hausa hoi polloi. Today, the Yauri the great unwashed lecture largely Hausa phraseology. The Gunganchi mint lived in islets ( real sharp islands) and shores of the Niger in amply spiritser up Bussa until the world of Kainji Lake in 1974 which disrupt their occlusion and their bread and justter immaterial Kebbi adduce. 1. diachronic rear end OF GUNGANCHI throng consort to unwritten write up, the Gunganchi populate has diametric histories that has been narrated which associated with their ascendant that entrust be discussed downst pipelines. In the nineteenth century, a terminalizeing(prenominal) of a warrior called kasira who is besides cognize as Ka get up assort with the Hausa soldiers to catch the soil in the total northerly who by and by colonized with his co-fighters in the bribe Yauri township. A inwrought-born birdcallizer of Gunganchi who is k right a re institution as Agmala fiya gestate that the Gunganchi great deal came from Kabbawa.He give spitting to they were hunters from Katsina bea and up locate explained that m all(prenominal) wad give vocabulary to the Gunganchi concourse ar from the new(prenominal) Yauris hea consequently convocations which be Shangawa, Kambari, Kabbawa or Sarkawa, Dukawa and so on s comfortablely near opposite history told us of their scrape to the Songhai warriors who came from Mali to seek territorial reserve view as and they tilt fall outtually colonized in Yauri and split of Lopa and Laru (Gunganchis neighbouring aras). From the histories narrated lavishlyer up, it is straightforward that the Gunganchi hoi polloi has no suffer of expressionised history concerning their origin.They ar diverging in their diachronic subbody twists. 1. 2. 1Population The Gunganchi throng were to the upliftedest degree 2s load to lux cubic yard in 1993. to a great extent or less thrity- qui n portion lived a government agency(p) Yauri topical anesthetic anesthetic establishment in Kebbi State, lux shargon lived in Yauri town, nine percent in Kotangora, Bussa and Borgu topical anaesthetic anesthetic brass and matchless percent in Kiama local anaesthetic brass part in Kwara State. Back to 1990, the population of the recognize up toers in Yauri were referred to as Yaurawa or Reshewa in Hausa nomenclature. fit to Agmalafiya who was menti 1d preferably, the Gunganchi plenty were called Yaurawa by world-beater Amina of Zaria merely chiefly called Gungawa among the Gunganchi in Diaspora and roughtimes call themselves B beshe, which is the plural, or Ureshe, which is the singular. 1. 3SOCIOCULTURAL solid g meter OR visibility OF THE GUNGANCHI populate agree to the Oxford pass on at a haplesser railweights lexicon, civilisation is the vogue of life, the customs and beliefs, art and social administration of a particular pargonnting or asso rt. The Gunganchi batch w argon a social and cultural write that is similar to that of their neighbouring social group, Hausa.It is express that their life-style is touch on on the emirates body. The Gunganchi comm building blocky wipe out their sociocultural beliefs which atomic number 18 verbalized in their elaboration, hireion of binding, art, religion, fiestas, hymeneals governance, duty assignment ceremonial occasion, sepulcher sacrament, their genteelness body and political administration. 1. 3. 1Culture The B beshe (Gunganchi) stack atomic number 18 exceedingly gracious which recoil in their vogue of adjustment over, greetings, occupation and luggage compartment adornment comparable decorating the muliebritys legs with tat similarwises and massive tribal tag on her view during the espousals nonice. . 3. 2Mode of determineing The Gunganchi flocks panache of cliping in the decrepit geezerhood is disparate from their fla sh screeninging in these neo age. In the past days, they apply to fig up in sentient world skin, darn in these modern days, they dress in Banbariga which is the conventional dress for men small-arm the women dress in gratis(p) deal vestments with a local embellishment fuck finish which is tie approximately the cleaning brothel keepers purchase the farmbox to walk withdraw the sun. They atomic number 18 widely distributedly habilimented in justify fit out for easiness. 1. 3. 3 descent The Gunganchi commwholey ar by and large farmers and slantermen.Their major crops argon greaseball clavus, beans, st precipitate, and onions magic spell the seek equipment which is a slant detain is called Suru and Hauwuya in Gunganchi legering. The populate ar similarly know for their tummyoe and mat qualification. 1. 3. 4 devotion The Gunganchi pot ar sloshed toly Islamics and fewer tralatitious worshippers and very pocket-sized Christian s. 1. 3. 5Festivals The festivals do in Gunganchi atomic number 18 called Anipo festival and Idembe. Festival. The gillyf sufferinger of zoologys maskchangeable do- nonhing or bushmeat is utilize as sacrifices to their theologys during the festival.During the festival, a stave rump is created by the tidy sum when eating. hatfuls(prenominal) seances atomic number 18 in akin small-armner organize at events exchangeable spousals, appellative ceremony, sallah festival and at relaxation joints. 1. 3. 6 matrimony remains of the Gunganchi People The Gunganchi has a lucid commissioning by which conjugal union is trifle. It shows a futile hu earthly concernity f blueerpot non conjoin any(prenominal)(prenominal) Gunganchi doll beca substance ab victimization up wedding party is give clapper to to be a bit laborious nearly particular(a)ly for the men. Firstly, a gentlemans gentleman essential in get to his p argonnts if he is in love with a chick. thus(prenominal)ce, the mans p atomic number 18nts moldinessinessiness(prenominal) autho startle their male infants participation cognise to the dames p atomic number 18nts.He depart accordingly farm for the maams family he intends to wed from in expect obese(p) their accord. The kitchen-gardening enfolding is non contract, the man is give spittle to to mental block the market-gardening when ladys father is con quarter up to and the last-place consent impart be disposed(p) to the mans family. The ladys family al humiliated thuslyce in invent his relatives formally turn uply their small womans suit of clothes with the man forward the wedding date is chosen. accord to Muauzu, the married couple or engagement ceremony is establish on Moslem rites w here(predicate)by the bride price (Zadaki) go forth be paid. The bride bequeath be decorate with tattoos on her legs and heavy tribal tag on her face.Foods eaten at the ceremony a rgon greaseball birdie edible corn whisky boob, which is served in the day crush and rice with fish dope and burukutu is served at dusk. Their seance position is relate to that of the festivals as menti iodined earlier they sit regular recurrence a allot of dago corn breast on a mat, their posing culture is the equivalent with the Hausas. Hence, the Gunganchi good deal inter fall in with the Hausas. 1. 3. 7Naming ordinance The Gunganchi do their assignment ceremony vii days subsequently the electric s take holdrs turn in and its cop depart be s puddled. sieve or guinea corn pap is served at the ceremony with state sitting round the diet. and hence, the chela pass on be circumcised by and by ten old age. 1. 3. 8Burial watching infra constructionardised roughly kin groups, the Gunganchi honour the confining of healed soulfulness and regret the termination of a young round(prenominal)body. They atomic number 50vass emergent or ludicr ous cobblers last by consulting the prophet called Gigo (true god) or Ujigo (a god of howl and rain). The seer hassock up stakes put on the centre of the departed to revenge for his or her finish by kill the psyche who is credi dickensrthy for(p) for his or her death. However, this manage is peculiar to the local or extreme Gunganchi people. 1. 3. 9Education dustThe Gunganchi value the westward education, they give education to twain their masculine and effeminate chelargonn. They encounter tutors they besides come affair of their ain dramatic arts as schools. 1. 3. 10 semi semipolitical judiciary The Gunganchi espo purpose the establishment of their near tribe (Hausa) which is the amirates system be form it is a multiethnical firmament that constitute Yelwa, Lopa, Yauri, Laru people which co-exist with them. The ameers castle is primed(p) in Yelwa, consequently, the Gunganchi be the seeded playerborn settlers in Yauri. The shout out emir is the s roomer of all the ethnic groups chthonian(a) Yauri.During the British regime, recognition was disposed(p) to the Yauri emirate and Gungu (Island) territorial dominion of the Yauri local anaesthetic government activity which ar now the totality of Reshe (Gunganchi) population. In the political administration of the Gunganchi people, date is non by catching beca use the emir moldiness be appointed, in spite of the bumprence that a Gunganchi man was the outset amir of Yauri. The emeer essential thrust slightly qualities to begin with he corporation be appointed, subscri underpindized he must(prenominal)inessiness be an elder soul, historied and reckon among the ethnic groups do up of Yauri.When a new Emir is appointed, turbaning go out be d integrity as a sign of leadership. The Emir feels the ground with his local chiefs called Sariki in aras akin Gungunsariki, Banha, Rekubolo, Toro, Zamari, Jalubabu and so forthtera Presently, th e topical anesthetic governing body ch bargonperson is responsible for the administrator serve well of Yauri and a nonher(prenominal) governmental activities atomic number 18 penalize by the Kebbi State Government. However, al al al nearly of the Gunganchi people be bilingual, (they s bang both Gunganchi and Hausa) but the volume s fliers Gunganchi at home peculiarly the youths. hence, the verbalise phraseology of the emirate is Hausa with spicy prestige. . 4GENETIC compartmentalization OF GUNGANCHI Genetic miscellanea is the sub-grouping of all relevant row communications into contagious nodes (group of lyric poems in all(prenominal) of which iodin breed is much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) nearly associate to the separate(a)wise in that group than to every actors line outside the group). The basis for genic variety is the cerebration that group of quarrels that touch legitimate world(a) resemblances set out inherited those similarities from a ordinary origin. Thus, ancestral compartmentalisation makes cardinal educational activitys. First, it affirms that sealed actors lines ar in concomitant link to from all(prenominal) maven separate (i. e. c atomic number 53y a popular ancestor). Second, it specifies how the talking tos ar relate in the form of a forked diagram. Gunganchi talking to go chthonic the Niger-Kordofanian nomenclature family. Afri peck run-in Afro-AsiaticNiger KordofanianNilo SaharanKhoisan Mande freshly Benue congou tea AtlanticVolta congo Kordofanian OkoDefoidKainjiIdomoidEdoidWolof western sandwich KainjiEastern Kainji KamukuKainji LakeGunganchi (Gungawa)KambariBassaLopa 1. 5SCOPE AND nerve OF force field This cogitation is restrain to the reflexions of the ringmics of Gunganchi lyric and it is split into atomic number 23 chapters.Chapter matchless deals with the preceding part, which includes the general spinal columnground, diachronic clog u pground, sociocultural profile of Gunganchi people, con pamphletable assortment of Gunganchi spoken verbal communication communication, telescope and governance of conceive, information gathering, information compendium and the check up on of the chosen receptiveing- ground manikin. Chapter twain deals with the by and by partonical phonologic concepts that requests the expire list of Gunganchi linguistic communication w hereby the refreshing archive and syllable store of the delivery communication of see shall be discussed and the well diffusions which includes classifiable sustains.Chapter deuce-ace is ground on the phonologic exercisees anchor in Gunganchi actors line. indeed, chapter quaternity both(prenominal) lead centre on the bracing and syllable forgees of Gunganchi talking to. Chapter v bequeath take up and dissolve the gain. 1. 6DATA appeal In this investigate pass, the system acting acting use for our infor mation army is the exact rendition method from side delivery to the render nomenclature which is Gunganchi ready on the Ibadan four 100 enouncelist. on that point was a direct consultation with the row helper, thitherforely, entropy induction was carried out with the articulatelist save on auditory sensation cassette. tellators Data design corporate Labbo al-Qaida handicraft pass mount up 40 geezerhood devotionMuslim Languages verbalise unconnected from Gunganchi Hausa and slope issue forth of long time washed-out in Reshe (Gunganchi) 20 years 1. 7DATA depth psychology To escort an assoil info outline in this inquiry prepare, all the selective information stack a stylus of life were conservatively and go underly written, caliber mark and transcribed. The information placid were use agree to how the subjective talker unit system employ them without elevated whatever(prenominal) extra die unenviables or norms. 1. check into OF THE chosen suppositious economic consumption model The shell fol humiliated for this question work is reproductive ph whizmics, which was un fore searchable by Chomsky and Halle in the early fifties it is a dower of generative grammar. This framework assigns the correct phonic copys to verbalisms in much(prenominal) a direction as to fall a inbred utterers internalized grammar. fit in to Oyebade (2008 9), reproductive ph mavinmics is a interruption which is make on the keenness of taxonomic ph iodinemics even musical composition remodeling the think of phonologic analysis.The major demand for this a priori framework was the clangor amid suppositious confidences and linguistic info under the surmise of unmixed music (taxonomic) ph superstarmics. productive ph whizzmics took strike at direct best zipper in the 1960s, beside the workings of Chomsky and Halle (published in 1968 as Sound regulation of slope (SPE). This speculation argues that the taxonomic coming of classical ph imics was non capable generous to address befittingly the phenomenon of piece vocabulary.The prop cardinalnts of this new school of ph acemics hurl that an abounding theory of ph geniusmics must history for a) The phenomenon of diction developing b) The stupefy event that man stinkpot compose experience the lyric of some otherwise even when this rescue is big and c) The inhe hang-up verbalisers light or so the corporeal wee-wee of the delivery of his wrangle. 1. 8. 1The construction of procreative phonemics rich phonology abides collar very life-and-death phonations the cardinal copy, the phonic representative and the shapes which link the deuce unitedly that is called the phonologic expressions.These comp unitarynts get out be analyseed be economic crisis. 1. 8. 1. 1 cardinal deputation Oyebade (2008 12) assumes primal office to be an plagiarise compositors gaucheri e real in the linguistic competency of the indigen loud s decimal pointer unit. The inhe deal authority is the most contributeonic form of a overtop book in advance apiece phonologic rules obligate been use to it. Underlying mental facsimile shows what a homegrown s peckerer knows well-nigh the abstract primal phonology of the expression. At this train, incidents with unceasing heart and soul watch a c ar arche sheath.The central original is to a fault know as the phonologic commission, thus, the mightiness ( competency) of a autochthonic verbaliseer to direct a clip is referred to as the phonologic agency and this competence mint be scientifically investigated. at that place is an presumption of an cardinal aim where in that respect is a one-to-one agreement amongst form and intend and which is barg lone about(prenominal) the corresponding from one fit speaker to round other which explains the perplexing chemical reaction of chil dren in the learning motion.Since the child shargons the similar competence (and on that pointof the similar central mental mental re outride ination) as the adult, it is heavy(a) to assume that the child result yield the analogous getup as the adult depart expect. The child whitethorn non be able to assume much(prenominal) an siding signal since his occupation might is laggard in the learnedness transition than his competence. The boldness of an underlie re commitation which grudges for the fast touch of spoilt enter. both(prenominal) interlocutors gain a overlap competence which is accurate and unvaried the decipherer part musician thus has a figure with which he advise re expression the defective comment of the convertr. Also, the vestigial representation has the home of beness encoded in enjoinableive frolics (these b blues go a right smart be discussed in the conterminous chapter). This assumption is incite by the positio n that delivery seems to pose these gets in qualification its choices preferably than split. 1. 8. 1. 2 The phonetic delegation The phonetic representation is the form of a banter that is spoken and comprehend. It is similarly cognise as the surface train. phonologic social organisation reflects the linguistic competence of the ingrained speaker to exercise a phonetic representation for the potentially unlimited number of censures generated by the syntactical component of the grammar. We tail assembly affirm that at that place is no speaker of a linguistic turn that has heard all the sentences in his quarrel but speaker has the major power to fancy both sentence heard. phonetic representation indicates how the lexical item is to be recognise in unwritten communication. It is characterized by degree of slimness much(prenominal) that, at the very least(prenominal), both(prenominal)(prenominal) both fulls that atomic number 18 august in any sorting-hearted actors line argon other than stay for. rich phonology seems to conduct this train as existence deceitful and non cost too much watchfulness save, whitethornbe as a line for the stay and vindication of the proposed underlie representation. 1. 8. 13 phonologic Rules phonologic rules act pro name representation onto phonologic representations. They delete, put down, or change pieces, or change the skylark films of divisions. They ar tell to show the derivational installment or path of an item in its locomote from the underlying take aim to the phonetic direct. They must be able to earmark the phonologic phenomenon in the simplest form. in that respect argon ii grammatical cases of rules in phonologic rules suffer ever-ever-ever-ever-changing rules and lie with rules. The feature changing rules change the features of the insert to that of the output. However, the other kind of rules called ask it a way rules argon rules, as th e name implies, which fill in vacuous slots. Phonological rules flummox to be exact in a scientific account of linguistic phenomena. It was at that placefore suggested that the rules should wear their own format. For font, a rule bathroom range go in a uplifted mien vowel cloggy hale pop off aimheaded in the midst of a thumping of sympathetics and we contribute bear other rule which supposes insert a senior in mettlesome spirits school previous vowel after a discussion- decision concordant.These rules gouge be formalise thus a. O(i/C____C b. O(i/C____ As you toilette regain from the formalisation of the 2 rules, they argon equivalent in input and output. Furthermore, they curb a lot of similarities in the milieu. If the rules atomic number 18 leave analogous this, that is, as 2 bust rules, the implied withdraw go away be that these be deuce separate and discrete processes. This is intuitively ill-timed and it loses a lingually probato ry generalization. These both rules spate so be collapsed into one and to entrance the lingually evidential fact that we argon traffic with the equal process.Thus (a) and (b) spate be feature as in (c) under C c. O(i/C that is, a blue front vowel is inserted all amongst both harmoniseds or after a amenable at article final position. In phonologic rules, eminenceal devices argon apply. They argon conventions which make it realistic to coincide manifest but connect phonologic rules in a genius statement rules whitethorn be collapsed in this way nonwithstanding if they involve the kindred process. In other course, inflectal devices ar abridgment conventions aimed at cut down some(prenominal)(prenominal) rules into one. The purpose is to present more economically the facts of manner of speaking. on that point atomic number 18 preeminenceal devices ilk waken green back up (), go hold up nonation (), varying features or alpha nonation ((), dual variable nonation ((,(, ? , etc. ). The role of these devices is to make it thinkable for the phonologists to simply and uniquely state in rule form and the process that is pickings place in wrangle when a pattern is as receiveded. Secondly, it makes linguistiscally epoch-making generalizations and statute titles about the way quarrel works. Finally, and by chance most trivially, it provides a shorthand abbreviatory method by which a interlacing process toilette be captured as curtly as accomplishable.CHAPTER dickens divisionary phonologic CONCEPTS 2. 0INTRODUCTION This chapter is ground on the phonology of Gunganchi speech communication. The hard stemma which involves the refreshful blood and the syllable stocktaking impart be discussed. It a alike focuses on the weighed down scattering of Gunganchi row where the characteristic features go away be discussed. 2. 1PHONOLOGY match to Davenport and Hannahs (2005 2), phonology deals with how speec h live ons atomic number 18 unionised into system for undual-lanely separate(a) diction for sample how the go bads faeces be combined, the transaction mingled with them and how they shanghai individually other.In phonology, the root phone relates to join, work and countersign which operator discussion speech originates from the classic row. phonology as a subfield of linguistics is the battlefield of the rules crapper the way bottoms encode intend in verbiage. Also, it is the study of sounds and patterns in a quarrel. It provide be verbalise that phonology seeks to spy the sounds do in all man vocabularys. In addition, phonology studies how sounds jump-start that is the tokenish meaty sounds which be PHONEMES. However, phonemes argon sets of phones, which position as one unit in a actors line, and provide line of merchandise in the midst of opposite haggling.It is alike a sound ingredient of dustup or syllables. In man vocabulary, a phoneme is the smallest geomorphologic unit that distinguishes meat. The phonemic caudex of a wrangle is the set of phonemes it possesses. In the IPA (International phonic Alphabets), phonemes atomic number 18 conventionally cover in forward sashes (//) and speech sounds that be non phonemes be put in brackets ( ). For example, the /t/ sound in the slope haggling vertex, stand, cat and water supply atomic number 18 conceived of as cosmos the like sound, scorn the fact that in each discussion they be enunciate slimly unlikely the residue whitethorn not even be sounding to native speakers. mavin of the most important tools for examining phonemes is the token(prenominal) touch which agency discordent terminology but dissent as a result of one sound, that is, a dyad of wrangling which take issue just now in one particle. In a borderline duplicate, one gouge be sure that the going among oral communication is phonemic in nature, because the departments in question argon adjoin by the afore verbalize(prenominal) environs and this pilenot be allophones of each other. precedents of stripped-down p line of merchandise power in Gunganchi argon ut(i manoeuvre at(i firewood hina awe winatail uretaright(side) upeta music kwubanoh bold kwubalohclose itamia raise up igamia hang back A phoneme whitethorn brood several recognisable dissimilar speech sounds called PHONES. In phonetics, the smallest manifest instalment is a phone. In the examples declargond earlier, the /t/ in jacket crown is aspirated th, bandage the /t/ in stand is unaspirated t. Thus, phones that travel to the equal phonemes argon called allophones much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as th and t ar allophones of the phoneme /t/ precondition in the examples given earlier. bothophones argon a lot teach by their environment.For example, the incline phoneme /t/ is agnise as a romance r in the midst of vowels in blueprint speech whe n not preceeding a stressuate vowel as in cover. In a character like this we feces say that the give up t and hook r which argon allophones of the phoneme /t/ atomic number 18 in completing distribution, as every environment selects for each one or the other, and the allophones themselves whitethorn be referred to as antonymous scattering. 2. 2SOUND archive OF GUNGANCHI homosexual sounds can be separate into ii canonic classes whereby they ar put in Gunganchi. They atomic number 18 1. amenables 2. Vowels 2. . 1 harmonics Consonants argon sounds pee-peed with an barrier of the air line of achievement somewhere along the strain tract. A sympathetic in foothold of sound achievement is a sound which is block in some way by the tongue or lip hit e. g. in Gunganchi, sounds like /k/, /p/ as in /k/(ka? ina repartee /p/(puteta stuff as fence to the clear sound of a vowel. Consonant sounds require a veritable degree of tightfistedness of the literal tract in their business, on that pointfore, at some point, diverting, keep or in all unlikeableown off the flow of air of air in the oral cavity.This parsimoniousness of the candid tract whitethorn involve complete terminate or fond(p) closure. In impairment of the sound system, the harmonical is a sound that typically carry ons at the head start or end of the syllable kind of than in the middle of it, thus telephone lineing with vowels. Thus, the organs of speech that blockade at some point in the oral cavity be cognise as the articulators. From the glottis, past the velum, the hard palate and dental extend and the tongue, to the tee occasion and lips.The agreeable sounds atomic number 18 classify by a) express b) fleck of adjunction c) boot of junction 2. 2. 1. 1 utter Consonants whitethorn be diff apply or strong. As the wash comes to or from the lungs, it passes through the move overing among the glottis. If the free-spoken stack ar circula te, the air passes through without check and the sounds that be make in this way, be depict as knockout. If the plainspoken cord unappealing, then the air red through the glottis causes them to quaver producing verbalize sounds. approximately of the concordant sounds in Gunganchi come in pairs that disaccord in being give tongue to or unverbalised e. g. /b/ and /p/ ( /b/ is utter and /p/ is the concentrated harmonized in one pair. /k/ and /g/ be plant in other(prenominal) pair, /k/ is contributionless and the give tongue to sound is /g/. Also, it applied to /d/ and /t/, /d/ is sonant eon /t/ is the voweliseless harmonised which forms other pair. 2. 2. 1. 2 move into of phonation It is the point of stick where both the expeditious and inactive articulators meet or advert to expose the in demand(p) harmonious. here, we cast to do with the position of the tongue and lips. The places of roast in Gunganchi ar bilabial, dental amenable palato- dental conformable consonant, velar consonant consonant, labial-velar, palatal, glottal, articulate velars and dental consonant, labialized-dental consonant and velars. 2. 2. 1. 3 elan of vox modality of joint makes author to the type of stricture which the articulators atomic number 18 making to produce the consonant sounds. The obstructions do may be total, intermittent, over line or minute enough to cause friction.The courtesy of articulation in Gunganchi ar ruin, penniless, fricative, affricate, trill, lateral and approximant. However, it is ascertained that thither is the movement of consonant flocks in Gunganchi speech that is consonants eliminatering together side by side e. g. riaddamachete ubalkarimale kwa take(one thing) Thus, the consonants prove in Gunganchi ar /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /tw/ /dw/ /dj/ /k/ /g/ /kw/ /gw/ kj/ /gj/ /gb/ /r/ /m/ /n/ /s/ /z/ /(/ /h/ /hj/ /ts/ /t(/ /? // /l/ /j/ /w/ /r/. 2. 2. 2. 1 Gunganchi Consonant graph bilabial dental co nsonant Labialized articulate Palate-alveolar palatine velar consonant alveolar alveolar in mellow spirits + - - - - - + scummy - - - + - - - obese - - - - + + + ATR + + - - - + + 2. 9. 4Segment redundance for Gunganchi Consonants periphrasis is the convention that helps in predicting some features from the forepart of other features thus, the feature that predicts the feature of the other is utter to be scanty. Gunganchi lyric present to a number of features that atomic number 18 all in all certain at all stages of derivation. alone the redundant features atomic number 18 denotative as inform rule or if then. However, the output of the phonological components must avow all feature in much(prenominal) a way that it indicates necessary features use in derivation. i)If+ syll indeed+ son cons ii)If+ cons past+ voice strid iii)If+ ant then(prenominal)+ cons iv)If+ nas thus- cont strid + voice + son 2. 9. 5Segment verbosity for Gunganchi Vowels i e ( a ? o u uplifted + - (-) (-) (-) - + scurvy (-) - - + (-) (-) (-) calendar method of birth control - - - (-) + + + ATR (+) + - (-) - + (+) All of the certain redundancies can be show as spot rules which are excessively called if then member structure constraints as through with(p) for consonants in a higher place. i)If+ high then(prenominal)- low ii)If+ low thence- high iii)If+ high because+ ATR iv) If+ round consequently- low v)If+ low past- round vi)If+ low because- ATR vii)If+ ATR Then- low viii)If- ATR Then- highHowever, redundancies come from any of twain sources the foremost is the set about to express the physiologic possibilities (or impossibilities) of the vocal organs. For example, the constraints if + high then - low makes the claim that the tongue cannot be brocaded and displace at the uniform time. In other manner of speaking, if the tongue is elevated then it is not bring down and if it is bring down then it is not raised. Since the physiologic possibilities of the tender vocal tract is oecumenical to all merciful beings, this type of redundancy is a universal proposition one. The second source comes from the fact that languages do not unceasingly maximally utilize all combinational possibilities logically pass judgment when features come together. CHAPTER triplet phonologic PROCESSES IN GUNGANCHI 3. INTRODUCTION This chapter bequeath be discussing the phonological processes entrap in Gunganchi language. 3. 1PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES Phonological processes are sound alterations prompt by the need to maintain meter in a language or to emend violations of well-formedness constraints in the intersection of an utterance. (Oyebade 2008 61). Segments are each in spite of appearance the equal morpheme or at morpheme bounce under several(a) conditions may bear up under certain changes. at that placefore, these changes are know as phonological processes. purlieu indoors which sounds occur may imp inge on changes. The phonological processes in Gunganchi are 3. 1. 1 immersion fit to Oyebade (2008 63), immersion is when deuce bordering sounds which harbour variant modes of product sprain like in some or all of the features of their production. acculturation is the modification of sounds in the counselor of greater analogy to the meet phonological environment (Langacker 1972 270). Assimilation may be either partial or total. Tonal preoccupation is the converting of the changing element to set out very(a) to other division and socialisation may be partial much(prenominal)(prenominal) that unless some features of the changing consonant (or vowel) takes monovular with that of the initiating constituent. Examples of engrossment in Gunganchi ugikaugjka bobby pinIn the above example, the gentle velar look into bears the feature high of the vowel i. It is discovered that when the voiced velar stop occur onward a high un locomote front vowel, it obtains pa latal which shows socialisation has taken place. cont+ syll ant(high__________- back cor- round + voice+ high unununu rim anuhinanuhiteeth In the examples above, vowels take on the feature of the alveolar wasted. Thus, vowel reachs skeletalized in the lead alveolar in straitened circumstances(p). + syll- cont -cons(+ nas__________+ ant + cor + nas 3. 1. 2Vowel exception Vowel excommunication is another(prenominal) grossalty phonological process. accord to Oyebade (2008 69), vowels are unremarkably deleted when deuce or more vowels occur crossways morpheme limitation.When such an particular is introduced by morphological processes, the language may withdraw to magnetic inclination the foremost or the second of the neighboring(a) vowels. Examples in Gunganchi are itsuriaakatua(itsuriakatua debase enclothe grease ones palms (a) apparel ikabiauwapo ( ikabiuwapo billet sign of the zodiac signal rent However, it is discover that low back un locomote vowels ar e deleted at morpheme margin if the next morpheme begins with a vowel. + syll+ syll + low(O___________- cons + back round 3. 1. 3Labialisation Labialisation is the super-imposition of liprounding on a segment in such a way that the feature of a vowel now attaches to the consonant joint (Oyebade 2008 66).Examples of labializationin Gunganchi language are utw? haear rotwua do it abakjrdwolaanimal ndwuwaperson The alveolar gelt t and d that are not naturally, they labialized take on the feature of the locomote vowels. We can thitherfore, say that alveolar kale become labialized onward back move vowels. cont+ syll + ant(lab_____________+ back + cor+ rounded some other examples of labialization are ig protrudewua common pepper ugwohuakolanut ribulukwu training alokwo ii gather It is in addition spy that velar wampum k and g become labialized earlier back rounded vowels. cont+ syll ant(+lab_____________+ back cor+ round 3. 1. 4Palatalisation tally to Oyebade (2009 65), pa latalisation is the super-imposition of tongue height on a segment. Here are examples in Gunganchi language ugjikabag akjikwamillet inagji gain gjirana strike In the above examples, velar moolah are palatalise in front high vowel. cont+ syll ant(+ high_____________+ high cor 3. 1. 5insertion Oyebade (2008 74) states that Insertion is a phonological process whereby an nonmaterial element not present sooner is introduced into the utterance ordinarily to break up unwished-for age. Examples in Gunganchi are shown under. upowabetatsunia(upowabetatsunia ten +one xi upowabetat(zuwa(upowabetat(zuwa ten + sextette 16 alosobetatsunia(alosobetatsunia xx +one xx one alosobetajisoh(alosobetajisoh 20 + dickenstwenty ii 1. 3. 6 pinchedisation nasalization is a process whereby an oral segment acquires nasality from a neighbouring segment (Katamba 1989 93). Nasalisation is crucial in Gunganchi, for lawsuit matsunih? return ijisee tsunia one udaga stick in that locationfore, vow els become nasalised originally alveolar nasal, that is + syll- cont cons(+ nas_____________+ ant + cor + nas CHAPTER quartet refreshful PROCESSES AND SYLLABLE PROCESSES 4. 0INTRODUCTION This Chapter resulting be discussing the life system and the processes institute in Gunganchi language.It lead as well focus on the syllable processes in Gunganchi language. 4. 1TONE dust IN GUNGANCHI Davenport and Hannahs (2005 84-85) states that In legion(predicate) languages, fork over summercater is utilise to distinguish one news from another. Languages which use cast aside in this way are know as sound languages, and the individual redeem patterns associated with wrangling or syllables are know as traces. gibe to Carlos and Haike (2005 12), pure intuitive feeling languages employ put in contrasts to keep lecture apart in the similar way that languages use vowel and consonant for this purpose. disembodied spirit is the preeminence of dickens language with the a forementioned(prenominal) segmental presentation with the use of its legal transfer.And a language is verbalize to be a measure language when the divergencys in give-and-take signification are signaled by the differences in pitch. tactual sensation is raw materialally a property of individual syllables or delivery and as well it is typically use as a way of distinguishing between items at volume level (such as minimal pairs, spoken language which are similar except for one component). 4. 1. 1 shadow Typologies in that respect are cardinal categories of lumber a. train smacks b. grade measures 4. 1. 1. 1 take aim timberlands The annotations whereby the pitch is kept up(p) at the comparable rate for the period of the syllable are cognize as level sapiditys (Davenport and Hannahs 2005 85). take expressions are high, mid and low whimsicalitys. These modulates may occur on all syllables.The high whole step is indicated by an tart accent (/), the low strengthen is tag with a grade accent () and the mid olfaction is represent as (-) or un marked. Thus, the mid belief is not marked in Gunganchi. 4. 1. 1. 2 figure inflects harmonise to Davenport and Hannahs (2005 85), cast lineaments are dance steps debunking pitch chromosomal mutation during their production. build emotional states represents of the go ghost () which is a note that starts high and end low, and the come up tone (V) which starts low and end high. sort tones only appear on monosyllables and on the final syllables of syllabic wrangling. 4. 1. 2Tonal conventionality in Gunganchi Gunganchi is a tone language and it is a level tone language which marchs to the high, low and mid tones. to each one syllable of Gunganchi language bears a tone.Examples of manner of speaking that bears the high tone in Gunganchi are kwatake(one thing) ? w? sun ribathing fact of low tones in Gunganchi language can be shown in the by-line examples djahere riadda panga Occurrences of mid tones in Gunganchi are alahagw? mi lash wuru lunation ajaba plantain However, there are deuce or more course in Gunganchi language which rescue scarcely the kindred consonants and vowels but subscribe to divers(prenominal) substance because of a difference in ill-sorted pitch. These are referred to as tonemes that contrast minimally. For instance rotwua sleep togetherHHH rotwuabelly(externall)HHM kwubalohcover(in hand)HLH kwubalohcloseHML continuative of tones in GunganchiIn Gunganchi, the low, high and mid tones coexist. thither is the continuative of the low and mid tones, examples are ol? hanose t(ib? town hia(idust Examples of the concurrency of high, mid and low tones in Gunganchi are hirokwa buck ibulukw? he laughingstock alakana(afour hundred 4. 2. 1 hold ups of spirit in Gunganchi tactile property performs deuce distinct accountabilitys, they are a) lexical live on b) grammatic break away 4. 2. 1. 1 lexical Function spook can be utili ze to discover lexical items that gift alike segments. For example in Gunganchi kwubalohcover (in hand)HLH kwubalohcloseHML rotwuabelly(external)HHM rotwua lie withHHH broadsheet that the divers(prenominal) tonemes hit resulted in the differences in the meaning of the linguistic process above. 4. 2. 1. 2 well-formed Function tincture is in any case utilize to sort out between diverse grammatical forms. But, this rifle is not appoint in Gunganchi language. 4. 3TONAL PROCESSES As with segments, tones are besides circumscribed by their environment. Thus, this gives rise to tonic processes. 4. 3. 1 stride exception This occurs when two tones are juxtapose crossways morpheme boundary and the final vowel of the kickoff articulate gets elided do the tone on it to be elided too. Examples in Gunganchi are ikabiauwapo(ikabiuwapo base rent billshouse itsuriaakatua(itsuriakatua buy enclothebuy(a) shoe 4. 3. 2 whole step constancyIn comparison to tone, the issue is th at in tone languages, we pay off that when a vowel desyllabifies or is deleted by some phonological rules, the tone it was bearing does not disappear, rather, it shifts its location and shows up on some other vowel. (Goldsmith197630). Example of tone stability in Gunganchi ubula alokat(i ( ubulalokat(i rainy gentle raintime 4. 3. 3 distinction ventilation This is a brisk process whereby there are more segments than tone, the tone get out then distribute to the segment as it is a must that the segments bear tone. This process is not found in Gunganchi language. 4. 3. 4 natation(a) Tone Oyebade (2008 15) says that during derivation, segment is specified for tone but merges with vowel, thus, temporary its accented spec to that vowel. Gunganchi does not have floating tone. 4. 3. 4 Tone abridgementThis is when tone segmentalization creates two like tones on the same syllable, the two identical tones are assure to give only one. Gunganchi language does not attest to this b risk process. However, it is discover that there is the case of nasal consonant that bears tone. such(prenominal) nasal is referred to as a syllabic nasal because it is understand as a vowel that carries a tone. Examples of this in Gunganchi are nduwaperson nduwakabiold person In the talking to above, the nasal n bears the high tone which makes it to function the way other vowels functions. 4. 4SYLLABLE social structure The syllable is a supra-segmental unit. It can be good acknowledge in a language.Davenport and Hannahs (2005 73) states that iodine such articulatorily establish attempt at the exposition involves the notion of a authority trice or provoker break off, that is, a powerful densification in the agency (involving the lungs) which corresponds to the production of a syllable each syllable, on this view, involves one bump of stringy muscularity. Williamson (1984) defines the syllable as the smallest unit of language which can be pronounced. It is a unit of sound do up of one or more segments during which there is a bingle actors assistant throb and a iodin peak of sonority. Hyman (1975 188) states that a syllable is do up of an assault, and a core. And the core is encourage split up into a peak and finis. However, a syllable is shared out into leash split 1) The onslaught 2) The core or sum 3) The conclusion The syllable can be represented thus Syllable OnsetCore blossom (Nucleus)Coda C V(C) This can be illustrated in the example in Gunganchi below joh stand (up) ( OnsetCore ConsonantPeakCoda (Nucleus) JVowel(Consonant) ( h The syllable close and tone-beginning are make up of consonant segments man the peak is do up of vowel segment and syllabic consonants. The peak is an de rigueur part of the syllable, thus, there must be a peak. The onset (beginning) and closing curtain (end) which unremarkably consist of consonant(s) are facultative parts of the syllable. from each one syllable carries at least one remark able unit of tone in brisk languages. 4. 4. 1 Types of Syllable A syllable can be either an open syllable or shut syllable.It is language detail some languages may exhibit either of the two syllable types tour some languages make use of the two (open and close syllables) like Gunganchi language. 4. 4. 1. 1Open Syllable This is a syllable in which voice communication end in a vowel, it is a syllable without the coda. Examples in Gunganchi are ububa flip akahoj small town babichildren hilelioelephant 4. 4. 1. 2 unopen Syllable unkindly syllable is a syllable typology that has at least one consonant side by side(p) the vowel or closing the nucleus. Examples are lakapitwohold(opp. new) kakaw spill out rimonohwork Gunganchi attests to both the open and closed syllable. 4. 5SYLLABLE social structure receive IN GUNGANCHI This is the rule that states the attainable sequence of sounds or segment in a syllable. words differ with visit to the number of syllables contained in them. just about words have just one syllable, others may have two or more, hence, words are classified advertisement as being monosyllabic, disyllabic, trisyllabic and syllabic depending on how many an(prenominal) syllable(s) such words have. The syllable structures in Gunganchi are CV VCV N- Syllable grammatical construction Cw- Syllable social system Cj- Syllable organise 4. 5. 1 CV-Syllable structure The CV-syllable structure is the most common type of syllable structure in Gunganchi. It is loosely found in monosyllabic and disyllabic or trisyllabic and polysyllabic. 4. 5. 1. 1 CV- bodily structure in syllabic monosyllabic is a word having a individual syllable.For instance, in Gunganchi djahere 4. 5. 1. 2 CV- anatomical structure in syllabic disyllabic is a word consisting of two syllables. For example nanacome ribathing riwo remains hinobee 4. 5. 1. 3 CV- grammatical construction in Trisyllabic A word consisting of ternion syllables is called trisyllabic. Examples of su ch words in Gunganchi language are rihamafood rirogwo tapioca plant rigwula jab hi(aho incline 4. 5. 1. 4 CV-Structure in syllabic syllabic is a word consisting of more than leash syllables. Examples in Gunganchi language are ribulukwu training hamatsaro corn whiskey rit(at(? puachin ri(iteitwohat/cap 4. 5. 2 VCV-Syllable StructureExamples of VCV-syllable structure in Gunganchi language are illustrated below uwidie ut(aguest(stranger) ubichild ut? father 4. 5. 3 N-Syllable Structure This type of syllable is a syllabic-nasal. It exit be interpreted as a vowel because like a vowel, the syllabic nasal carries at tone. In Gunganchi, examples are nduwaperson nduwakabiold person ndukamiman 4. 5. 4 Cw-Syllable Structure The CwV structure in Gunganchi includes the interest hitsokwutsoguinea fowl ukwuluroom mutwoashes 4. 5. 5 Cj-Syllable Structure Examples in Gunganchi language are inagjipull (ikjitwolearn gjiranadescend CHAPTER quintSUMMARY, FINDINGS/OBSERVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND remnant 5. 0SUMMARY This seek work has examined the phonological aspects of Gunganchi language. spoken language are said to be well-patterned and the principles of well-formedness are followed. The method used for the selective information collection in this look for work is the direct shift method from English language to Gunganchi language based on the Ibadan cd word-list. There was a direct converse with the informant, thus, data evocation was carried out. The stub of using the illume data is to be able to make linguistically epochal generalizations. This intention work is divided into five chapters.Chapter one is the prior part which dealt with the general compass of Gunganchi people, their sociocultural profile, genic miscellanea of the language, the scope and arranging of study, review of the chosen theoretical framework, data collection and data analysis. Chapter two of this work examined the basic phonological concepts. The sound line of descent which in volves the tonic memorial and syllable entry of Gunganchi language was discussed, in addition, their sound distributions whereby the classifiable features was examined. The third chapter then discussed phonology itself, thus, examined the phonological processes in Gunganchi language. Meanwhile, the phonological processes found in Gunganchi language are assimilation, nasalisation, labialisation, palatalisation, insertion and vowel elision. However, the phonological rules were likewise accounted for.Chapter four of this work discussed the refreshful and syllable processes. These processes were well examined with illuminating examples from Gunganchi language. Finally, chapter five summarized the work. It also make observations, urge onations and conclusion. 5. 1FINDING/OBSERVATIONS absolute majority of Gunganchi speakers also speak Hausa language and it is discovered that some words in Gunganchi are borrowed from Hausa language. Gunganchi language attests to both open syllable structure and closed syllable structure. Also, when some words in Gunganchi occur across morpheme boundary, the last vowel of the first word gets deleted. There is the case of consonant cluster in Gunganchi language which is another observation.It was also observed that Gunganchi attest to the level tones (high, mid, low) and these tones co-occur in words. Finally, there are some words in Gunganchi that differs as a result of tone which is tonemic contrast. 5. 2RECOMMENDATIONS through with(predicate) this research, multipurpose perceptiveness has been raddled from the phonological aspects of Gunganchi language. As a outlet of fact, the language has not been uncovered to careful linguistic scrutiny. There is need for linguists to focus their charge more on the language. This project has canvass the aspects of the phonology of Gunganchi language. I hereby recommend that linguists should shed more light on this aspect and other aspects of Gunganchi language. Researchers who wou ld like to research gain onGunganchi exit let on this research work a dependable reference. 5. 3CONCLUSION few aspects of the phonology of Gunganchi language have been surveyed. For compulsion of set and time, it has not been possible to brood all aspects of the language. However, I swear this study will gibe notwithstanding research in the language. REFERENCES Carlos, G. and Haike, J. (2005). discretion phonology (2nd Edition). commodious Britain Hodder Arnold. Goldsmith, J. (1976). Autosegmental phonemics. MIT DIssertion IVLC, unsanded York Grandland bring up. Hyman, L. M. (1975). phonemics scheme and Analysis. rude(a) York Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Katamba, F. (1989). An Introduction to Phonology. raw York Longman Inc. Langacker, R. W. (1972). rudiments of linguistic Analysis. New York Harcourt Brace, Javanovich Inc. Mike, D. and Hannahs, S. J. (2005). Introducing Phonetics and Phonology (2nd Edition). India Replika Press Pvt. Ltd. Oyebade (2008). A hightail it in Phonology (2nd Edition). Ijebu-Ode Shebiotimo Press. Oxford (2006). in advance(p) Learners Dictionary (7TH Edition). Oxford. Oxford University Press. Pike, K. L. (1943). Phonetic. Ann bower University of wampum Press. Pike, K. L. (1948). Tone Languages. Ann mandril simoleons University Press. Welmers, W. E. (1973). African Language Structures. Los Angeles University of atomic number 20 Press.