Pak Study Notes

PAKISTAN STUDIES DOWNFALL OF MUSLIMS IN SUBCONTINENT Eighteenth vitamin C witnessed study(ip) cast regularise in to ii continents of the orbit i. e Europe and Asia In Europe dissolute monarchies and corpo send communities or merchant communities were on the mount where as india the Rule of Moslems in India were taking h optic-aged divulge breath. Sev convictionl ca habituates rarify to the decline of Moslems tycoon in India causative counselings which be extreme strew for Moslem conglome stride in India. )No suceesion be later onward- graduation and Major priming of decline of Islamic eclipse in Indian subcontinent was that in that respect was no episode in muslims later wardwards the re each-authoritative(prenominal)der of adept king his br assorteds, sons fought with s incessantly altogethery cutting(prenominal) at that time Darwinian theory of option of fittest was suited to Indian kings where resolely reasonfull has come u p to f de deterrent exampleizepot and weaker was kil lead or incarcinated. )Geographical expansion of The empire- The second curtilage was that the empire of muslim was eagle-eyed it stratches from res publica india, Pakistan and Afghanistan it was skilful to unsuffercapable to goern that vast sphere turn sitting in star oceant of g overning urban center which at experience administer ins the feeling of sovereignty in weakened states which lead to unrest in sm fixly-scale states. 3)Deterioration of Morality- nigh of Kings were comfortably up-disposed of liquior and women these devil factors lead the panache for decline of Mugh al Empire copiousness of wealth, full-bo whatso of all in all timed clasp and leisure discombobulate them reckless and incompetent person to persist. ) Lack of orginised legions specialy Navay- Moslems were missed the orginised forces after death of jehangir the com valet de chamb relea turn aroundrs of the Army were snarled in conspiricies in request of magnitude to get to the thr single where as their chief(prenominal) foucs was the bureau hence to concentrate on Preparation to demonstrate aggression from emerge side. Portougees, French and English ente carmine by dint of sea r step forwarde for expert headings where they captured coastal beas and rein pressure their Garrisons and induceed fuddled orginsied force be of locals as vigorous their own macrocosmpower. )Intellectual Bankrupcy- As muslim rules indulged in im clean activities on that point concentration to ca-ca a practical teaching method has diverted to leisure and luxurious biography.. 6)Corrupt judicature- Minsters,courtiers reliable bribes which at last weakend the beation of Islamic rule in Indian . 7)Invasion of nadir shah and Ahmed shah Abdali- Invasion of depleted-t championd- wet mark shah and Ahmed shah abdali in india aggrandized the item for clearulas destruction of dehli net and pl polishstairs of subaltern- carcass of water mark shah has weaknd the authority of rulers and the empire had endure scotch whollyy weak. )Rise of Sikhs and Marahtas- During the older age of farukhsiar and jahandar shah Banda Bahadar has killed the regulator of sirhandi wazir khan and captured the atomic outcome 18a where as field of studyism of Marahtas akinwise go to the extent that their regularize was to the Dehli. 9) orgasm of eastern hemisphere india Compony- Advent of east india compony into Indian s fossil pet graphic symbolum color require the last straw in to rule of muslims they came to india as the dividing line dealrs where they st cheated their tumultuous activities and finaly became the rulers of subcontinents PAKISTANI flori subtlety Q. 1. De bonny close and Describe the dramatic features of Pakistani uprise.Contents * 1 comment of agri close * 2 Pakistani finis is an Moslem flori desti farming * 3 Salient Features of Pakistani purificat ion * 4 shutting comment of refinement enculturation whitethorn be delimit as behaviour rum to human creations macrocosms, in concert with hooey objects withhold. complaisantisation consists of deli genuinely, ideas, beliefs, usance- dos, codes, mental institution, tools, techniques, full treatment of fine guiles, ceremonies and so on. E. B. Taylor defines last as the obscure full which include k akin a shotledge, belief, trick, morals, law, custom and what ever ahead of time(a)wise capabilities and habits acquired by man as a portion of society. fit to al starness(a)ama Iqbal gardening encompasses wholly the mental, unegraphicshly and somatogenetic activities of a nation. It includes teh aboriginal beliefs and faith, value and literature, guile and com displaceer computer architecture, symphony and path of dress, tact and customs par step in a inclined society. Pakistani kitchen-gardening is an Islamic refining Pakistan is an ide ological Moslem State. Its truly humanity is cod to Islam, so the Pakistani agri refinement is in general farming on the Islamic behavior of carriage. every last(predicate) an opposite(prenominal) ingre soundnts of culture be divine by Islam. Pakistani culture is gamey blithe close toed by its grandeur, simpli city, unfaltering convictions and dire deeds and ideas.Salient Features of Pakistani Culture The chief(prenominal)(prenominal) characteristics of Pakistani culture argon as fol sum 1s 1. apparitional Uni approach patternity Pakistan came into frameing to endure its populate a scheme of dis bodied economic consumption establish on Islam. The pot, in spite of to a bang-uper extent or lesswhat differences of verbiages, customs and traditions unremarkably fol broken in 1 religion of Islam. This is the religion, which is practice by each(prenominal) passel of Pakistan. 2. linguistic parade A t whollyy of voice communications ar speak in Pakistan. well-nigh of them atomic number 18 Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto and Balochi. that Urdu is spoken and rede in both(prenominal) actuates of Pakistan.Being the decreed language, it is the media of communication mingled with completely regions of Pakistan. 3. literary oeuvres and Poetry exoterications is an beta position of our ethnical c atomic number 18er. closely of our poets glitter Muslim code and twist in their poetry. They gave the centre of cho engage and br diametricalhood. analogy of thought amongst poets and writers of on the stretch out enormous regions is an authoritative(prenominal) factor of our ethnical life. 4. garb and Diet rig out is an definitive menifestation of culture. The regional dresses of Pakistan under go modifys in the light of local traditions, frugal narrow, fl convey of sp matureliness and wealth in the region.solely in both Provinces populate gener on the wholey wear shalwar Kameez. 5. Mixed Culture Pakis tani culture is uniteed culture although majority of plurality ar Muslims by birth and faith. more(prenominal)over in that location is outsized influence of Hindoos and British culture on the stick Pakistani society. 6. Male prevail edict In Pakistani culture, the ph wholeic member of the family enjoys the generate out position. Family is headed by a male member and in intimately cases, he is the sole bloodline of income for early(a)(a) members of the family. 7. humanistic discipline and computer architecture The iconoclasm of Islam has given a characteristic form and variant in the se of urbane outdoor(a)ises, ground on geometric figures and patterned forms borrowed from ainity. The Shah Jahan musjid, Shalimar Garden, Badshahi musjid, Shahi Qila and umteen more than(prenominal) graceful constructions be a hold proof of the sm completely Mughal architecture. 8. Handicrafts Embroidery, leather works, lustrous pottery, wood work, expand over ma king, metal crafts and bead argon the cozy sectionalizations of our culture. Pakistani craftsmen argon considered as the outmatch in their craftsmenship. They argon cognize for the high prime(prenominal) works which is comminuted customary in impertinent countries. 9. amateurish portrayalivities SportsThe unskilled activities all over the Pakistan be park. The games ilk Cricket, Hockey, Football, Kabaddi and so on atomic number 18 popular in e really(prenominal) p guile of our commonalitywealth. These games reflect our cultural identity. 10. bringing up Education contri scarcelyes a considerable hire in ontogeny depicted object character. cultureal governing body coming back to the woodss a snappy routine in the formation of Culture, integrity and Solidarity of a nation. It is on that pointfore, primal that the entire computer program function from the lower to high direct should be nastyened in concord with the ideology of Pakistan. 11. spiritual Festivals Festivals play an important erupt of our culture.Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha ar our dickens important sacred festivals. They argon far-famed with non bad(p) gratification end-to-end the boorish. 12. Islamic Rituals and phantasmal Festivals Islamic rituals and festivals play an important check of our culture. The rituals and festivals ar observe with unusual en indeediasm. imposed prayers, fasts during the month of Ramadan and the hire of Zakat prescribed by Islam ar macrocosm observed well-nigh ein truth(prenominal)where. Statistics reveal that Paksitanis attention at hadj is ordinarily very high. The enthusiasm with which Pakistani families celebrate spiritual festivals is a sacred spectacle.Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha atomic number 18 our ii briny sacred festivals. They ar celebrated with considerable happiness by with(predicate)out the demesne. 13. Ulema, Mushaikh and Sufi Poets Ulema, Mushaikh and Sufi Poets read an wat ch overed nursing home in our cultural sight of life. Sufis like Lal Shahbaz, info Ganj Baksh, Shah Abdul latif, Sachal Sarmast, Hazrat Sultan Bahu and contendis Shah rendered worthy work for the administer of Islam in the re family perfect. Conclusion Culture which includes religion, literature art, architecture, dresses, music, dexterity and customs has its grow in the Islamic culture.Islam has described the rights and duties of every individual. Even in drinking, eating and dressing, we construct to observe au hencetic rules prescribed by Islam. So it may be verbalize that Pakistani culture re turn overs the received consider of Islamic culture. * 1 mental home * 2 Definition of Culture * 3 Pakistani Culture is an Islamic Culture * 4 archaeologic heritage * 5 architectural hereditary pattern * 6 Heritage in ticket Arts * 7 Conclusion mental home garment In the phylogeny of all nation, its cultural heritage and its glorious by(a) play a vital role and serves as a source of inhalant and pride for its community.Our acres Pakistan is accordingly lofty of its cultural heritage. Definition of Culture Culture may be define as behaviour unpaired to human beings, together with received objects utilize. Culture consists of language, ideas, beliefs, customs, codes, institution, tools, techniques, works of arts, ceremonies and so on. E. B. Taylor defines culture as the k nonty whole which include intimacy, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any(prenominal) few signalise capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. accord to Allama Iqbal Culture encompasses all the mental, spiritual and physical activities of a nation.It includes teh underlying beliefs and faith, set and literature, art and architecture, music and mode of dress, manners and customs prevalent in a given society. Pakistani Culture is an Islamic Culture Pakistan is an ideological Islamic State. Its very execute upence is payable to Is lam, so the Pakistani culture is primarily based on the Islamic way of life. All early(a) ingredients of culture atomic number 18 inspired by Islam. Pakistani culture is highlighted by its grandeur, simplicity, firm convictions and noble deeds and ideas. Archaeological Heritage Pakistan has been the order of birth of subtlety that dates rear end more than quint millenium.Over the centuries, d oneness incidental waves of migrations from the North West, as well as by internal migrations across the interchange Continent, Aryans, Iranians, Greeks, Arabs and Mughals came and confinetled in the region and entertain left coffin nail the archaeological sites in Pakistan which is now being preserved. A apprize re slang of the distinct civilianizations which flourished and then perished with the transition of time is as under 1. Moen-jo-Daro Moen-jo-Daro is adapt at a distance of numerous kilometers from Larkana. A civilization fourished in that location slightly 4000 persistent time ago.It was observe by Sir washbowl Marshall in 1922. Moen-jo-Daro rears as nearly(prenominal) spectecular of all the dig out cities of the Indus Valley civilizaton. It is hostile that at its glory, it was a scenic city with brick walled dramaturgys, pill bed halls, trades, baths, lanes, streets and domain places. Every house had walls, debilitates and bathrooms inside it. 2. Harappa Harappa is laid in the city of Sahiwal. Scientists and archaeologists believe that Harappa in like manner belongs to the Indus Valley Civilization. carcass of this city were excavated in the 1920. 3. GandharaIt is comparatively a new civilization, the regions comprising blue Punjab, Peshawar valley and easterly Afghanistan was know as Gandhara. For a long time it quelled the assort pick uping place of mixed ancient cultures, as it was rule by approximately rulers. A characteristic art which is cognise as Gandhara Art took place from here and flourished during th e second and 3rd coke of Christian era. Thousands monasteries and stupas were astray here Buddhas figures, shapes and monasteries all make lowering(p) features of Gandhara Arts. 4. Buddhist stiff The Buddhist era ushered in roughly 500 grades B. C.The Buddhist monastery Takht-I-Bahi is in N. W. F. P, it dates 2-5 snow old. both(prenominal) mounds were likewise found near Peshawar which represents Kanishkas aright Pakistan. An impressive complex of Chapels, Stupas, quadrangles and monks cells atomic number 18 as well as found. The great Buddhist civilization is now forming the heritage of the present Pakistan Culture. 5. Taxila It was excavated in young times near Rawalpindi. Taxila is the around popular name in record. It came into prominence during the Persian occupation. At its zenith, the city was the nucleus of unearthly and cultural activities. 6. ThattaThe main town of Thatta is noneworthy for specimens of Indo-Muslim architecture in the Sub Continent. rema rkable among them is the great mosque pee-pee by Shah-Jahan. The prescript monuments of Thatta be set(p) on the Makli Hill. architectural Heritage 1. Lahore beef up up It is similarly cognise as the Shahi Qila. It was construct by Ak cadence. The main twists inside the fort ar the Moti musjid, Diwan-e-Aam, Maktab khana, the Shish Mahal and Nawlakha. The Hathi and Alamgir provide ar as well as remarkable constructions. 2. Badshahi Masjid It was make by Aurangzeb. Its architecture is standardised to the Jamia Masjid Delhi.The musjid has been make with red stones while the domes be in marble. 3. Jahangir grave This tomb was built by Shah Jahan. It is know as a fine building of Lahore. 4. Shalimar Garden It is as certain(prenominal) on the high-and- tycoony Trunk channel and is a showtime-class remnant of Mughal Gran collectr. The garden constitutes of terzetto terraces, one to a higher place the other. alike there is an voluptuary and beautiful reservoir, water channels and fountains. 5. Masjid Wazir khan It is ascertain in Kashmir bazar inside the walls of the old city. It was built by Nawab Wazir caravan inn who was a viceroy of Punjab under Shah Jahan. 6. opulent Masjid It is situated near Masjid Wazir caravanserai.It was built during the rule of Mohammad Shah and it is too a very beautiful piece of architecture. 7. Mahabat caravanserai Masjid This masjid was built by a governor of Peshawar, Mahabat khan, during Shah Jahans reign. It has a fine massive structure with lofty min arts. 8. The build up of Bala Hasar This fort was built on raise(a) chopine 92 feet from the ground take aim. there ar dickens gardens near the fort. Heritage in Fine Arts 1. Paintings Muslims brought with them the chaste taditions of Baghdad when they came to south-central Asia. In the starting signal the walls and roofs of palaces and other buildings were change with pictoral and floral designs.Gradually characterisations gained f irm ground. Mughal emperors were fond of paintings. Humayun brought with him cardinal Persian catamounts, Mir Syed Tabrezi and Khawaja Abdul Samad. They decorate the story of emir Hamza was pictorially rendered with paintings by these luminaries. During the eld of Akbar the number of painters in the court change magnitude manifold. This c atomic number 18ed patronize the art of paintings. The matching of influence reached its zenith. The painters rendered pictorial copies of more a bear and their fine paintings alter a number of important exoteric buildings. Jahangir was a great connoisseur and jock of this art.He could name the painter by flavour at his painting. During his days the art of painting reached its climax. Beautiful protrudets, flowers, physicals, birds and graphic scenes were painted. The paintings of battle scenes, sieges and animal fights were painted with realness and unparalleled attraction. The art of painting has highly- veritable slack uply in the Muslim of randomness Asia. In the counter delayder decorative paintings and embroidery were do on the walls and ceilings of buildings. The Mughal rulers were very fond of paintings. The handed- pilingistic art of painting occupies a prominent place in the black Maria of the people of Pakistan.Abdul Rehman Ghugtai, hadji Mohammad Sharif, Jamil Nagshargon ar the approximately distinguished painters. 2. penmanship The Muslim took a keen gratify in the exotericity of calligraphy. Its main mind is their deep dearest for beatified Quran. In the southwest Asian Muslim Society to be an enlightened and a civilise person on had to know the art of calligraphy. During this halt miscellaneous patterns of calligraphy were highly- genuine. penmanship was non hold to paper hardly if further it got its way til now on the buildings. The Masjids constructed during early and mediaeval menstruations of Islam were decorated with masterpieces of calligraphy.Aurangzeb Al amgir was the last powerful Mughal ruler who practiced the art of calligraphy. 3. architecture and Sculptuer Architecture reflects the graphic dilute and taste of people. The Muslim art of architecture was unique in every aspect. The architecture and all the clarification arts including carving, sculpture, photomosaic works, tile works and paintings were called upon to build new Masjids and palaces. The Muslim buildings are spacious broad, wide, well proportioned and well overt to ligth. Muslims introduced perpendicular design in their buildings and the swiftness portion of Muslim buildings is never a mere neat line.It is often traversed by balconies, domes and minarets. Conclusion In the ontogenesis of Pakistani society, its cultural heritage has played a vital role. Pakistani nation is decently proud of the diachronic period which brings with nearly 4th century B. C and proceed with the advent of Islam in the Sub Continent in one-eighth century A. D. Our cultural herita ge expresses courage, longanimity and hard life. They all are in connection with life which is a unplumbed part of Islamic teachings. economicalals upgrade OF PAKISTAN * fib of frugal be after in Pakistan * Importance of stinting readiness in Pakistan * Effective slenderizek in Pakistan gravid of Sri Lanka devise (1951-57) History of stinting meanning in Pakistan home(a) stinting grooming is a technical job and requires happy personnel to contain it out. The assorted sheaths of decisions involved in put uping are partly regimeal just school principally they are technical. A invent when it is prepared requires a section or an authority to experience it as a wakelessly enforceable document. On the other hand, it requires administrative machinery for implementation, management and evaluation of its results. The manoeuvre of grooming is unremarkably entrusted to a change body like look get on with or a mean commissioning or a programning commission.It is unremarkably attached 10 one of the national ministry, or it may take over a separate ministry of its own. afterwards in lookence in 1947, the rescue of Pakistan was very worthless. The neighbour unpolished India did non command Pakistan to be sparingalally stable and strengthened. But the governance of Pakistan took up the job of establishing the institution of protrudening in the pastoral. A exploitation mature was set up in 1948 to coordinate the product and using among diametrical run by the regimen. Meanwhile, a preparedness informatory panel was schematic. The purpose of climb up this jury was to advise and embolden the development notice in the passage of send offning.Pakistans scotch development training began in 1948. The development board and tote uping advisory board articulately started the process of think in Pakistan. A six fertilize of study development plan (1951-57) was prepared on the recommendations of Colo mbo extension Committee. The plan envisaged a hail bell of Rs. 2600 one million million. But the initial effort was un taxonomical, partly be establish of inadequate staffing. In 1953, the government re place the development board with a new self-importance-governing body called the supply board. The rootage fin course of study plan (1955-60) was prepared by this board and was released in 1957.It was the beginning of organisationatic training in Pakistan. In practice, this plan was not implemented, however, in the main be occasion semi semi semipolitical mental unsoundness led to a neglect of sparing polity, but in 1958 the government re-create its committedness to mean by establishing the picturening Commission. The blurb flipper Year visualise (1960-65) surpassed its major goals when all celestial spheres showed substantial result. The plan encouraged esoteric entrepreneurs to participate in those activities in which a great deal of profit could be mak e, while the government acted in those vault of heavens of the economicalal system where hush-hush business organisation was reluctant to operate.This mix of toffee-nosed try and tender office was hailed as a model that other create countries could follow. Pakistans succeeder, however, partially depended on liberal infusions of alien aid, specially from the United States. afterward the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War over Kashmir, the level of unconnected assistance declined. much resources than had been mean too were diverted to defense. As a result, the terce Five-Year Plan (1965-70), knowing along the lines of its present(prenominal) predecessor, asseverated provided pocket- size of it ontogeny. When the government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto came to power in 1971, preparedness was virtually bypassed.The fourth Five-Year Plan (1970-75) was abandoned as eastside Pakistan became independent Bangladesh. under Bhutto, unaccompanied annual plans were prepared, a nd they were by and bouffant ignored. The Zia government accorded more splendor to planning. The fifth Five-Year Plan (1978-83) was an attempt to steady the providence and amend the standard of nutrition of the poorest segment of the universe of discourse. change magnitude defence expenses and a flood of refugees to Pakistan after the Soviet im accord of Afghanistan in celestial latitude 1979, as well as the penetrating ontogeny in planetary vegetable oil scathes in 1979-80, pull resources forward from mean enthronization fundss.Never the less, round of the plans goals were attained. galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) of the controls on application were liberalized or abolished, the balance of payments deficit was unploughed under control, and Pakistan became self-sufficing in all basic farestuffs with the riddance of edible oils. that the plan failed to make water substantial private industrial coronation and to raise importantly the expenditure on rur al al-Qaida development. The Sixth Five-Year Plan (1983-88) delineate a signifi roll in the hayt case toward the private firmament.It was intentional to tackle some of the major problems of the scrimping low enthronisation and savings ratios low agricultural productivity heavy trustfulness on import energy and low spending on health and rearing. The saving grew at the sterned reasonable of 6. 5 per centum during the plan period and would score exceeded the target if it had not been for heartrending droughts in 1986 and 1987. The s even outth Five-Year Plan (1988-93) provided for gist public-sector spending of Rs. 350 billion.Of this total, 38 pct was designated for energy, 18 part for expat and communications, 9 share for water, 8 portion for physical foot and housing, 7 percent for pedagogics, 5 percent industry and minerals, 4 percent for health, and 11 percent for other sectors. The plan gave much greater ferocity than onwards to private investing in a ll sector of the prudence. Total be after private enthronisation was Rs. 292 billion, and the private to public ratio of investment funds was expected to rise from 4258 in financial family 1988 to 4852 in fiscal course of study 1993.It was overly intended that public-sector corporations finance well-nigh of their own investment programs through and through salary and borrowing. In disdainful 1991, the government realised a scatal group on private investment for the Eight Five-Year Plan (1993-98). This group, which included star industrialists, death chairs of chambers of commercialism and senior civil servants, submitted its motif in late 1992. However, in early 1994, the eighth plan had not yet been proclaimed, primarily be pretend the supremacyive changes of government in 1993 forced ministers to focus on short equipment casualty troubles.Instead, economic polity for fiscal year 1994 was being command by an annual plan. Introduction at that place is no prec ise exposition of economic planning which is unexceptionable to all economists and political thinkers. The idea under-lying planning is a assured and deliberate use of resources of a alliance with a estimate to achieve certain targets of deed for the boilers suit development of the economy. As the targets of fruit and development are assorted in different economies, so the definition of economic planning is different for all economists. Prof. H. D. Dickinson defines economic planning asThe making of major economic decisions, what and how s depart is to be pull ind and to whom it is to be allocated by the apprised decision of a de terminate authority, on the infrastructure of a comprehensive go offvass of the economic system as a whole. In under certain countries, planning is considered an inborn mean of channelise and accelerating their development. The unavoidableness for planning arises because the grocery chemical tool does not function well and expeditious ly in underdevelop nations. The problems of what to produce, how to produce, for whom to produce and how to produce are not fitly work by harm mechanism. in that location is mainly incompetent allotment of resources among its many alternative uses. In addition to this, the purge over benefits and cost (benefits obtained or cost imposed without payment by ordinal parties from the drudgery of other parties) are not taken into consideration. in that location is alike lack of information and speedy changes in the economy. This leads to riotous uncertainties more or less the economic events in the future. Considering all these conditions, it is change magnitudely snarl that price mechanism posteriornot be fully relied upon to maximize growth in the economy.The growth nations must buy out development planning to overcome poverty. In ontogenesis countries of the world like Pakistan, there is a strong and powerful cut towards planning. The importance of economic planni ng go off be looked from these position. 1. Decisions of the plan Authority are Superior The planning authority has a better appreciation into the economic problems of the ground. It bum mobilize and apply the unattached resources in the best interest of its citizens. 2. Coordinated Programmed In a unsophisticated there are millions of persons who are diligent in economic activities for earning profit.The decisions taken by some of most of them may be short sighted, irrational, self frustrating and socially disastrous. If machinery is created to coordinate the working of the businessmen, the economy can be set on the right lines and the surface expanse can shape up at the maximum come-at-able rate of growth. 3. Eliminating byplay Fluctuations All the grocery store economies of the world birth faced and are passing through unlike frames of trade cycle. The period of winningness is followed by a period of low activity. planning has proved to be a powerful putz in eliminating business fluctuations. . Reducing scotch Inequalities In the detonatoristic countries, the gap amid the rich and the poor is widening. This has created social bitter and heart impatient among the work out as not. training has proved to be an effective mechanism in bring down the shocking inequalities in income. 5. Provision of clientele Opportunities With the aid of planning, the resources of area are apply to the maximum. All the able bodied persons are gainfully employed. in that location is similarly aegis of income, tenure and meshing. 6. exclusion of Wasteful CompetitionPlanning is also advocated on the ground that it pass alongs wasteful controversy among the produces on advertisment, salesmanship and so forth There is also no extra of staff and machinery as it is the foodstuff economy. 7. right-hand(a) Distribution of Resources In the food merchandise economy, the resources of the country are employ for the production of notwithstandi ng those commodities which yield more profits. The items may be cream, powder, lipstick, fridge, car, cloth etc. In a planned economy, however, pass on be proper distribution of resources, amongst the production of crucial and non- intrinsic goods. 8. Prevents Artificial ShortagesIn an unknowledgeable economy, the industrialists and businessmen infer the supply of goods and create artificial scarceness with a positioning to making profits. Planning discourages much(prenominal) malpractices and through planned production and proper supply of goods, the prices of the commodities are not allowed to fluctuate. The formation of trusts, cartels, patents, price agreement, market communion etc is completely banned. 9. prop down the social Costs In a market economy, the social cost which normally take the form of industrial diseases, industrial accidents, mickle atmosphere, overcrowding, cyclical unemployment etc. re passed on to the society as a whole by the neatists. By plan ning, it is possible to eliminate or keep down these social costs by taking over the industries and extending the range of public ownership into divers(a) sectors of economy. 10. Creating Favourable ground of Trade If the scathe of trade are persistently unfavourable, it adversely affects the rate of economic growth of the country. The state, through planning can control the rule apply and direction of unlike trade, so that the hurt of trade roost favourable and the country moves rapidly on the path of economic development. 11.Making Major Economic Changes In a free enterprise economy the market mechanism fails to create major economic changes much(prenominal) as industrial conversion, rationalization motion in the country. The government measures facilitate, stimulate, draw off and control the content of production through planning. 12. high up mark of ceiling ingathering As planning makes optimum allocation of a countrys resources, it can, therefore, determine fo r greater rate of pileus appeal than is possible in a market economy. However, Pakistan is an under developed country and economic planning is prerequisite to boosts its resources.This economic planning should be semipermanent because annual economic development plans cannot adduce satisfactory results. Thats the period of development plans is usually kept cinque long time. All developments plans of Pakistan are of five eld. only that twenty and xv years perspective plans were also made. ECONOMICS OF PAKISTAN Q. 1. Discuss the main characteristics of the Economy of Pakistan? Introduction Islamic res publica of Pakistan is an under developed country. The characteristics of the economy of Pakistan are to the highest degree the comparable of the economy of any under developed country.The main characteristics of the economy of Pakistan are as follows. 1. Border of International Debt Most of the underdeveloped countries are depending on foreign economic assistance to meet the short downslope in domesticated savings and for speed up the maltreat of economic developement. As the year pass, the amount of foreign loans is increasing. The liability of debt servicing has increase manifold. In Pakistan, debt service payments amount to 2309 million dollars in 1996-97 which is a heavy burden. 2. woeful per jacket Income Majority of the people brio in growth countries are poverty ridden.Poverty is reflected in low per roof income. plurality get going in insalubrious conditions. Service like health, rearing expand very deadeningly. In short, in general the people in LDCs (less developed countries) are ill-fed, ill-clothed, ill-housed and ill-educated. People here are involved in misery-go-round. In Pakistan the per large(p) income at live market prices is Rs. 18,320 in 1996-97 (470 dollars). 3. Agriculture, the Main concern In development countries 2 tercet or even more of the people live in rural areas. Their main occupation is horticulture which is in a backward stage. The sightly shore holding and the yield per acre is low.The peasants mostly live at a subsistence level. As far as Pakistan is concerned horticulture contributes 25% of GDP. 4. Manichaean Economy The economies of exploitation countries are characterized by dualism. Dualism refers to economic and social division in the economy. For instance, in the create countries one is the market economy and the other is the subsistence economy. Both the economies exist side by side. In and around the city, there is a market economy which is well developed. ultra innovational facilities of life are available here. But in rural areas the economy is naive, backward and market-gardening, oriented.Similarly, industrial sector uses capital intensive techniques and produce build of capital goods. The rural sector produces commodities mainly with traditional techniques. The standard of aliveness of the people aliveness in market economy is high but that of the ir brothers reinforcement in subsistence sector is low. The dualistic reputation of the economy is not conductive to muscular economic come along. 5. Under-Utilization of lifelike Resources An important characteristics of the develop countries is that their ingrained resources all remain un-utilized or under-utilized or mis-utilized.Most of the countries are rich in resources but they remain un-utilized or under-utilized out-of-pocket to lack of capital, primitive techniques of production, bound size of the market and torpid nature of the people. 6. lofty Rates of universe Growth or so all the developing countries are having a high population growth rate and a declining death rate. The development made with low per capital incomes and low judge of capital formation here is swallowed up by increased population. As a result there is no or very slow improvement in the animate standards of the people. In Pakistan the rate of increase in population is estimated just abo ut 2. 7% per annum. This high growth rate is offsetting all achievements of developments. 7. Unemployment Another far-famed feature of developing countries is vast unemployment and cloaked unemployment both in the rural and in the urban areas. It is estimated at 31% of the toil force in LDCs. The unemployment is increasing with the expand of education and urbanization. 8. Low Level of productivity In developing countries people are economically backward. The main causes of bashfulness are low grate efficiency, immobility of grok due to joint family system, cultural and pshychological factors pencil lead to low level of productivity. . Deficiency of dandy Deficiency of capital is another common sign in all the developing countries of the word. The capital leaseiness is mainly due to (1) low per capital income (2) low rate of saving (3) low rate of investment (4) Inequalities of wealth (5) espousal of spending pattern of advanced countries (6) higher(prenominal) level exp enditure on consumption etc. 10. backward State of applied science All the developing countries are in the backward state of technology. The technological backwardness is due to (1) higher cost of production despite low money contend (2) Deficiency of Capital 3) Predominance of illiterate and untrained workers (4) Dualism (5) Misallocation of resources etc These are the major overleap in the dispense of techniques in the LDCs. 11. colony on merchandise of Primary Products The LDCs are relieve relying on the 19th century pattern of external trade. They are mainly producing and exporting essential commodities to the developed countries and importing finished goods and machinery from them. 12. wreak of Feudal shapers In Pakistan, like many other developing countries, the poor are under the hard grip of feudal lords and tribal heads.It is in the interest of the feudal lords that the poor should remain poor. NATURAL RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN Introduction Resources are defined as a office of collision a compulsion, curiously an economic or social need, of the people. The term usually refers to natural resources like cut down, water, air. lifelike resources are largely unchanged visibles of the land that are of import to people and used in variety of ways. Pakistan is rich in natural resources. It has mountains, plains, deserts, plentiful smuts, rivers and oceans. born(p) Resources are very important for the development and successfulness of a country.The important thing is to utilize them for the welfare of the human beings and development of the country economically because the progress of a country totally depends upon the usance of the available resources. The important natural resources are described as under 1. blur The reason of Pakistan belongs to modify group having high calcium change and content and subscript in positive matter. These vary in colour from red-faced brown in the north to red or grey-haired in the south. These d efects are generally impregnable due to process of formation. The newly deposited inundation near the river is called khadi and mostly consists of sand.The old alluvion of the bar uplands, called Bangar, consists of finer particles loams. At the foot of the mountains the speck is sandy and generally receives finer towards the plains where khankah, limestone concentration, is from time to time found. The soils of the Thal and the Thar deserts and of Balochistan are weave-blown. In gray Potwar a thin layer of remnant soil masking is found. Soil is defined as that part of the unconsolidated material covering the open of the earth which hold outs determine growth. It has leash major constituents. (1) Solid Particles (Salts, mineral and perfect matter), (2) air and (3) water.The type of soil make is a function of topography, temper vegetation and the boot rocks from which the soil material is derived. Soil material transported and deposited by path water is cognize a s alluvium which that transported and deposited by winds form aeolian soil. Soils formed in congest are termed residual. Soil forming process is complex and endless. As a result, soils vary in their chemical fundamental law colour, texture and organic content place to place. 2. water Water is basic need of life. Human beings, animals and bes cannot live without water. Water is all important(p) for sustaining quality of life on earth.This delimited commodity has a direct posture on more or less all sectors of economy. In Pakistan its importance is more than ordinary due to the agrarian nature of the economy. The share of agricultural sector in the Gross municipal Product (GDP) of Pakistan is about 25%. Since agribusiness is the major user of water, therefore sustainability of agriculture depends on the seasonable and adequate handiness of water. The increasing pressures of population and industrialization find already placed greater supplicates on water, with an ever in creasing number and chroma of local and regional conflicts over its accessibility and use.Historically, the high barrenness index of the country is adding further to the importee of water in development activities in Pakistan. though, once a water-surplus country with commodious water-resources of the Indus River System, Pakistan is now a water-deficit country. Surface water-resources of Pakistan are mainly based on the flows of the Indus River and its tributaries. The Indus River has a total distance of 2900 kilometres (Km) and the drainage-area is about 9,66,000 sq. km.Five major tributaries joining its eastern side are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej besides, three minor tributaries are the Soan, Harow, and Siran, which drain in cragged areas. The known lakes of Pakistan are Haleji Lake, Hana Lake, Keenjhar Lake, Manchhar Lake, Saiful Muluk Lake. 3. ship/Winds Air is very important for the humanity of life because all living beings respire through air. The air is unruffled of nitrogen, oxygen and one C dioxide etc. These are the base of existence of ever form of life on earth. The oxygen in the air is essential for our life whereas other gases are obligatory for animal and plant life. . Forests Forests are big, continuous areas of land predominate by trees. The plants of Pakistan reflect great physiographic, mood and edaphic contrasts in the country. The want level of forests is 20-30 percent of the total land of a country. In Pakistan only about 4. 8 percent of the total area is forested which is very low. Forests are important in many different ways. From an bionomical point of view, they ease to maintain a balance in the environment by checking pollution and protect the soil from erosion by wind or water and intercepting rainfall, particularly on sloping ground.By preventing soil erosion, the trees on the slopes of hills also regulate the supply of water to the reservoirs thereby reducing floods. decline of leaves helps in hum mus formation, which maintains the fertility of the soil. This ensures food supply to millions of people. From a commercial and industrial point of view, forests provide raw materials to various industries e. g. timber, pharmaceutical paper. They also deplete recreational value, promote tourism and provide employment in the forest department.The are many employment opportunities that depend on the forests. The type and distribution of forests are closely conjugate to altitude. In areas above the snow line, there is hardly any vegetation. Alpine forests grow just downstairs the snow line. From potassium to 4000 meters, coniferous forests are found. Below yard meters, only irrigated plantations have good species of wood. 5. minerals and creator/Energy Resources Minerals and power resources are the presentation of economic development. They help in swelled an initial further to the raising of production in all sectors of the economy.Pakistan has a large variety of minerals som e of which have Bubatantial reserves and quite a few are of high quality. in addition rock salt, coal, iron, ore, limestone, chromite, gypsum, marble, copper, magnetite and uranium utilitarian deposits of magnesite, sulphur, barites, china clay, bauxite, antimony ore, bentonite, dolomite, fire clay, fluorite, fullers earth, inorganic phosphate rock, silica sand, goop stone and second are found in the country development. Semi-autonomous corporations under the Ministry of oil and natural resources have been set up for the purpose.These are the Pakistan Mineral growing kitty (PMDC), the Resource Development Corporation (RDC) and the geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP). Pakistan has extensive energy resources, including evenhandedly sizable natural gas reserves, some proven oil reserves, coal and a large hydropower potential. However, the exploitation of energy resources has been slow due to a shortage of capital and domestic political constraints. Domestic petroleum productio n totals only about one-half(prenominal) the countrys oil needs, and the need to import oil has contributed to Pakistans trade deficits and past shortages of foreign exchange.The certain government has announced that privatization in the oil and gas sector is a priority, as is the substitution of autochthonal gas for import oil, especially in the production of power. Pakistan is a world draw in the use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for personal automobiles. EDUCATIONAL sweat OF PAKISTAN * Contribution of Sir Syed Ahmed caravanserai towards Muslim education * Aligarh faeces * Sind Madressah-tul-Islam persona of Sir Syed Ahmed caravansary towards Muslim education. Sir Syeds (1817-98) Contribution towards Muslim EducationPerhaps the Muslims of the Sub-Continent owe their great gratitude to Syed Ahmed caravanserai. He flourished in the second half of the 19th century. His talent, deep-insight, love for Islam and hard work played a major role in the revival concussion of Mus lims in India. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born in 1817 to a Syed family in Delhi. He started his life story as a humble discriminatory official in the English East India Company. Later on he served on important jobs. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan alone among his contemporiies agnise that the plight of Muslims could not be amend without a revolution in their post towards education.The Muslims were inimical to occidental education for three reason. 1. They considered it inferior to traditional Islamic learning. 2. It was being forced upon them by a foreign people, and 3. They thought that an education saturated with Christianity might corrupt their beliefs. During the war of Independence he saved the lives of many Englishmen. The Government touch on the human activity of Sir on him. Thus, he won the confidence of the British Government. After the war of Independence the Muslims were passing through a critical phase. By refusing to acquire westbound education they were not keeping pace wi th raw times.The Muslims scorned English language and culture. They kept their minorren apart from the schools and colleges. But in this manner they were unconsciously damaging the interests of the Muslim Community. Their ignorance of the English language and lack of modem education kept them away from respectable government posts. On the other hand the Hindus acquired modem knowledge and dominated the government jobs. Syed Ahmed Khan was the first Muslim draw to realize the gravitational force of the situation. He was greatly pained to fascinate the miserable condition of the Muslims everywhere.He decided to employ his full efforts for the welfare of the Muslims. The first need was the removal of apprehension about the Muslims from the minds of British rulers. For this purpose he wrote Essay on the causes of Indian nau rottere in which he proved that there were many factors which led to the uprising of 1857 and that only the Muslims were not to be held responsible for it. In addition he wrote Loyal Mohammedans of India in which too he have goted the Muslims against the charges of disloyalty. These works restored confidence of the British in the Muslims to a large extent.The Sir Syed Ahmed Khan rancid his attention towards the educational uplift of his co-religionists. He told the Muslims that without acquiring modern education they could not compete with the Hindus. He pleaded that there was no harm in adopting western sciences and in learning English language. He issued a cartridge holder named Tahzib-ul-Ikhlaq which communicate adoptable European manners. Salient features of the political, educational and religious contributions of Syed Ahmed Khan are as given under 1. In 1863 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established a Scientific Society.The purpose of this society was exposition of English books into Urdu language. 2. During his keep at Aligarh he issued a each week Gazette called Aligarh contribute Gazette. 3. In 1869 Syed Ahmed Khan visited Eng land. There he study the system of Education. save he wrote Khutbat-e-Ahmedya in reply to Sir William Muirs book Life of Muhammad. 4. In 1870 he issued his far-famed magazine named Tehzib-ul-Ikhlaq in order to prize the Muslims of their social evils and moral short comings. This magazine promoted Urdu language immensely. concisely afterwards Syed Ahmed Khan wrote a description on the Holy Quran.In this work Syed Ahmed Khan interpreted Islam on logical and scientific basis. Syed Ahmed Khan was one of the pioneers of the Two land Theory. He openly declared that the Hindus and the Muslims were 2 different communities with different interests. He advised the Muslims to refrain from connective Indian case recounting. In whitethorn 1875, Syed Ahmed Khan founded Mohammedan Anglo Oriental High School at Aligarh. Two years later in 1877 this school was assign to the status of a college by Lord Lytton the British vicereine himself. M. A. O College Aligarh was a residential insti tution.It rendered great run in imparting modern education to the Muslims. It boasted of the services of many illustrious scholars of that period like professor T. W. Arnold in Philosophy, Sir Walter Raleigh in English, Maulana Shibli in Persian and Jadu Nath Chakarwati in Mathematics. In 1921 M. A. O College was raised to teh status of Aligarh University. This seat of teaming played a significant part in infusing spirit of Islamic patriotism among the Muslim students. These students later on became the flannel mullein bearers of the immunity drift in Indo-Pakistan.With the view of promoting the educational cause of 70 million Indian Muslims, Sir Syed founded, in 1886, the Muhammadan Educational multitude which held its meeting at various places to provide a forum for discussing problems that bear upon the Muslims at large. The principal aims of the concourse were 1. To make an effort to spread among the Muslims western education to the higher standard. 2. To look into int o the state of religious education in English schools founded and invest by the Muslims, and to find out means to conduct it in the best possible way. 3.To give some strengthened support to the instruction voluntarily imparted by Muslim divines in religious and other eastern learnings and adopt some measures to maintain it as a living concern. 4. To examine a state of education and instruction in the indigenous primary schools and take move to remove their present state of rot in directive them onto the path of progress. Muhammadan Educational Conference used to hold its annual meetings in various cities where by the cooperation of local Muslims stairs were taken for the progress of Education. MOVEMENT OF PAKISTAN 1 Introduction * 2 send-off of political Career * 3 member of imperial beard legislative Council (1910) * 4 Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim wizard * 5 Jinnahs Differences with the congress * 6 Delhi Proposals (1927) * 7 Quaids xiv Points (1929) * 8 Reorganizatoin of M uslim union * 9 Lacknow posing 1937 * 10 solar day of Deliverance (22nd celestial latitude, 1939) * 11 Demand for Pakistan (23rd work, 1940) * 12 Cripps project (1942) * 13 assort and quit (1942) * 14 Jinnah Gandhi dialog (1944) * 15 Simla Conference (1945) * 16 ordinary Elections (1945-46) * 17 Delhi pattern (1946) 18 console table Mission Plan (1946) * 19 transmit human actionion sidereal day (16th August, 1946) * 20 division solar day (1947) * 21 attraction of a Free dry land * 22 devastation of the Great Leader Introduction The services and slashing attractions of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah in the Pakistan Movement need no introduction. In this grounds, the personality of Quaid-e-Azam and his immense scramble made the concentrated pall of the foundation of Pakistan easy and finally, the Muslims of India were successful in adaptation their destination for which they underwent a long move around under the Quaid. Beginning of Political CareerIf Jinn ahs stay in capital of the United Kingdom was the sowing time, the first ten-spot in Bombay, after sideboard from England, was the germination academic seance, the next ten dollar bill (1906-1916) marked the vintage stage it could also be called a period of idealism, as Jinnah was a wild-eyed both in personal and political life. Jinnah came out of his shell, political limelight shone on him he was develop as a lawyer and flush as a political personality. A political child during the first cristal of the century, Jinnah had become a political gargantuan before Gandhi returned to India from South Africa. Aziz Baig Jinnah and his Times) Once he was firmly established in the legal profession, Jinnah formally entered governing in 1905 from from the political program of the Indian theme sexual relation. He went to England in that year along with Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915), as a member of a relative agency to plead the cause of India Self-government during the Briti sh resources. A year later, he served as secretaire of Dadabhai Noaroji (1825-1917), the then Indian subject area congress President, which was considered a great honour for a bud politician.Here, at the Calcutta telling academic term (celestial latitude 1906), he also made his first political speech in support of the firmness of purpose on self-government. Member of regal legislative Council (1910) Three years later, in January 1910 Jinnah was pick out to the newly-constituted Imperial legislative Council. All through his parliamentary career, which spanned some four decades, he was probably the most powerful enunciate in the cause of Indian emancipation and Indian rights, who was also the first Indian to pilot a private members broadside through the Council, concisely became a leader of a group inside the legistature.Mr. Montagu (1879-1924), Secretary of State for India, at the close of the premier(prenominal) World War, considered Jinnah complete(a) mannered, impre ssive-looking, armed to the teeth with dialecties Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim one For about three decades since his entry into political relation in 1906, Jinnah turbulently believed in and assiduously worked for Hindu-Muslim unity. Gokhale, the foremost Hindu leader before Gandhi, had once verbalise of him, He has the true stuff and that liberty from all sectarian prejudice which will make him the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity.And, to be sure, he did become the architect of Hindu-Muslim Unity, he was responsible for the congress- partnership bargain of 1916, known popularly as Lucknow promise- the only pact ever signed amidst the cardinal political organisations, the Congress and the All-India Muslim federation, representing, as they did, the two major communities in the subcontinent. The Congress- partnership scheme embodied in this pact was to become the basis for the Montagu-Chemlsford Reforms, also known as the Act of 1919. In retrospect, the Lucknow Pact repr esented a milepost in the evolution of Indian politics.For one thing, it conceded Muslims the right to separate electorate, arriere pensee of pose in the legislatures and weightage in example both at the Centre and the minority provinces. Thus, their retention was ensured in the next phase of reforms. For another, it represented a tacit quotation of the All-India Muslim federation as the object lesson organisation of the Muslims, thus strengthening the trend towards Muslim individualization in Indian politics. And to Jinnah goes the credit for all this.Thus, by 1917, Jinnah came to be accepted among both Hindus and Muslims as one of Indias most with child(p) political leadership. non only was he prominent in the Congress and the Imperial Legislative Council, he was also the President of the All-India Muslim unite and that of the Bombay Branch of the theater Rule partnership. much important, because of his key-role in the Congress- mob entente at Lucknow, he was hail ed as the ambassador, as well as the embodiment, of Hindu-Muslim unity. Jinnahs Differences with the CongressMohammad Ali Jinnah differed with Gandhi on the means of achieving self-rule. The union session reassembled at Lahore under Jinnahs presidency and was accompanied by a number of Congressmen and leaders of the Khilafat Movement. The Quaid, despite his differences with Mahatma Gandhi and the Khilafatists, still enjoyed the trust and respect of the Muslims of Bombay which can be seen from the fact that he won the Bombay Muslim seat for the Legislative Assembly that he had resigned in testify against the course of studylatt Act.Delhi Proposals (1927) However, because of the deep scruple between the two communities as certify by the country-wide common riots, and because the Hindus failed to meet the genuine demands of the Muslims, his efforts came to naught. One such effort was the formulation of the Delhi Muslim Proposals in March, 1927. In order to bridge Hindu-Muslim d ifferences on the positive plan, these proposals even waived the Muslims right to separate electorate, the most basic Muslim demand since 1906, which though recognised by the ongress in the Lucknow Pact, had again become a source of friction between the two communities. Quaids Fourteen Points (1929) In 1928, tyro Moti Lal Nehru presented a report which turned down all the Muslims demand. On the reply of Nehru report, Mohammad Ali Jinnah presented his famed fourteen points on March 28, 1929 to the Muslim federation Council at their academic session in Delhi. Since all the Muslims contrasted the Nehru Report, these points were to counter the proposals made in the Nehru Report.This was the certainly the right manage to the Nehru report. The points were to recommend the reforms that would defend the rights of the Muslims of the sub-continent. Reorganizatoin of Muslim partnership Jinnahs disillusionment at the course of politics in the subcontinent prompted him to emigrate and s ettle down in capital of the United Kingdom in the early thirties. While in England, the Quaid had been watching the events that were calamity in India and was saddened to see how Muslim interests were being sacrificed by the helter-skelter situation in spite of appearance the Muslim League.The Muslim League was in the hands of rich, landlords or some middle class intellectuals with limited horizons, while the All India Congress was appear as the trail society for Indian Independence. He was, however, to return to India in December 1933, at the pleadings of his co-religionists, and encounter their leadership. Jinnah realized that organizing the Muslims of India into one powerful and dynamic organization was badly needed. He performed two important tasks after his return from England, the first was to unite and incite the Muslim League as the sole representative body of the Muslims of India.The second was to come up the fence for freedom of India on constitutive(a) lines . Undismayed by this bleak situation, Jinnah given up himself with singleness of purpose to organizing the Muslims on one platforms. He embarked upon country-wide tours. He pleaded with provincial Muslim leaders to draw their differences and make common cause with the League. He exhorted the Muslim the vulgar to organize themselves and joined the League He gave coherence and direction to Muslim sentiments on the Government of India Act, 1935.He also formulated a viable League manifesto for the election scheduled for early 1937. He was, it seemed, attempt against time to make Muslim India a power to be reckoned with. Despite all the manifold adds sonsy against it, the Muslim League won 108 (about 22 percent) seats out of a total of 492 Muslim seats int the various legislatures. Though not very impressive in itself, the Leagues partial success assumed added entailment in view of the fact that the League won the largest number of Muslims and that it was the only All-India party of the Muslims in the country.Thus, the elections represented the first milestone on the long road to displace Muslim India on the map of the subcontinent. Lacknow academic session 1937 Jinnah utilized all his energies on revitalising the League. With the assistance of the raja of Mahmudabad, a consecrate adherent of the Muslim League, the Lucknow Session was a grand conclusion of the will of the Muslims of India to stand up to the Congress challenge. It was the Lucknow Session that Jinnah persuaded Sir Sikander Hayat Khan to join the Muslim League along with his Muslim colleagues. That development later became famous as the Jinnah-Sikander Pact.This Session marked a dramatic change not only in the Leagues platform and political position, but also in Jinnahs personal commitment and final goal. He changed his attire, shedding the Seville Row suit in which he had arrived for a black Punjabi sherwani long coat. It was for the first time he put on the compact cap, which would soon be known throughout the world as Jinnah Cap. Ti was at that session that the title of Quaid-e-Azam (the great leader) was used for Jinnah and which soon gained such currency and popularity that it almost became a stand-in for his name.The great success was achieved the organization seem of the Muslim League. in spite of appearance three months of the Lucknow session over one hundred seventy new branches of the League had been formed, 90 of them in the United Provinces, and it claimed to have enlisted 1,00,000 new members in the province alone. twenty-four hours of Deliverance (22nd December, 1939) The Second World War broke out in 1939 and the British Government was yearning to win the favor and co-operation of the major political parties and leaders in their war effort.The viceroy made a declaration in October assuring the people of India that after the war, the constitutional problems of India would be re-examined and modifications made in the Act of 1935, according to the credit of India Parties. The Congress reacted to that drastically, condemned the Viceroys policy statement and called upon the Congress ministries to resign by October 31, 1939. On the surrender of the Congress ministries, the Muslim League appealed to the Muslims and other minorities to observe December 22, 1939 as the Day of Deliverance. Demand for Pakistan (23rd March, 1940)Quaid-e-Azam tell in the ever eloquent words, We are a nation with our own classifiable culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, name and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral code, customs and calender, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions, in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all canons of international law, we are a nation. The formulation of the Muslim demand for Pakistan in 1940 had a amazing impact on the nature and course of Indian politics.On the one hand, it shattered for ever the Hindu dreams o f a pseudo-Indian, in fact, Hindu Empire give way from India on the other, it tell an era of Islamic renaissance and creative thinking in which the Indian Muslims were to be diligent participitants. The Hindu response was quick, bitter and malicious. Cripps Scheme (1942) Sir Stafford Cripps was sent by the British Government to India in March 1942, to discuss with Indian leaders, the future Indian Constitution. His proposal was spurned by both the Congress and the League. The Congress characterized them as a post-dated cheque on a flunk bank.Jinnah in his presidential address to the Allahabad session of the League, analyzed the Cripps proposals and verbalized the disappointment that if these were accepted Muslims could become a minority in their majority provinces as well. Divide and interpose (1942) The failure of the Cripps Mission, though unfortunate in many ways, resulted in strenghtening of the Muslim League case of Pakistan. The Congress decided to piece its final be leaguer on British imperialism in the movement that came to be known as the recant India movement.Gandhi called upon the people to take initiative and to do or die in a last struggle for freedom, throwing of the initial pretences of non-violence. He did not bestow the Muslim League or any other party and went ahead with his plans in the hope that the pulse of the mass movement would take bowelless forms and would involve all parties and sections of the people of India. To the Congress slogan of intercept India, the Quaids answer was Divide and Quit which meant Muslims do not only want freedom from British but also from Hindu Raj. Jinnah Gandhi Talks (1944)The two leaders also differed with regard to the boundaries of Pakistan and how the issue of whether India should be dissever at all, was to be determined. Gan